Davies Publishing SPI Practice Test

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• Absorption of acoustic energy converts energy into what form?
• Increasing diameter results in a ____ focus.
• The most sizable component of attenuation is which of the following?
• Which is the most common form of fixed focusing?
• Which issue is demonstrated by image quality degradation that results from transducer problems?
• Imaging frame rate decreases when you:
• In a linear array ultrasound, which factor primarily determines the slice thickness?
• Which statement best describes Rayleigh scattering directionality when the interaction is organized?
• Which fixed focusing method uses an acoustic lens?
• Which option correctly identifies the depth-related determinant of PRF?
• The ______ indicates the number of pulses transmitted on each scan line in the color image.
• Oblique angles consist of which of the following?
• Which ingredient is commonly recommended in cleansers for intracavitary probes?
• What interaction of ultrasound and tissue is primarily responsible for imaging the internal structure of organs?
• The standard color monitor uses which primary colors to produce the color range?
• When two numbers have the property that their product is one, this relationship is called:
• What is the source of the bright echoes indicated by the arrow in this Doppler waveform?
• If imaging depth is increased, the frame rate generally:
• When the speeds of two media are identical, which statement is true about refraction?
• Which adjustment would not increase acoustic exposure?
• Which term describes the behavior when the surface is smooth and large relative to wavelength?
• The ratio of focal length to aperture is commonly called what?
• Which statement describes the relationship between frequency and absorption?
• Taking the average intensity during the pulse duration (transmit time).
• When freezing the ultrasound image, echo information is stored in which component?
• You may observe a mirror image artifact with which imaging mode?
• Two items are associated such that when one item increases, the other decreases. This relationship is called:
• Which statement best describes the Doppler frequency shift when you encounter high velocities within a vessel?
• Which transducer type is used to produce a linear array image with parallel scan lines?
• PZT thickness and frequency are related how?
• If the frame rate is too slow for adequate temporal resolution, which action would most directly improve frame rate?
• Intensities may be reported with respect to which two dimensions?
• _____ frequencies are best to use for scanning a large patient's abdomen.
• Reflection is likely to occur when the boundary dimension is ______.
• Which axis is involved with axial resolution?
• What term describes the superposition of waves from different parts of a source?
• What is the effect of increasing transmitted acoustic output on heating?
• In tissue harmonic imaging, the receiver listens to which frequencies?
• Which statement is true about acoustic impedance?
• The intensity of a sound beam varies depending on the _______.
• Decreased pressure occurs in areas of high flow speeds. This is known as the:
• According to the Doppler equation, for any given velocity, the frequency shift will increase by increasing the:
• Anything that increases attenuation will increase the ______.
• The Doppler frequency shift is defined as:
• What specific measurement is tested by a Doppler flow phantom that is not directly tested by simple structural imaging?
• Which artifact is associated with resonance of a gas bubble?
• If sound waves of 3 MHz, 5 MHz, and 10 MHz are transmitted through the same tissue, reflections from which frequency would reach the transducer first?
• Which parameter is NOT adjustable by the operator?
• What is the minimum distance two front-to-back structures can be apart and still produce two distinct echoes on an ultrasound image?
• Frequency and focal depth are _____ related.
• Increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling will most likely do what?
• As a general rule, sound travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Which ordering best describes this variation?
• A unitless number with a value from 0 to 1 is called
• The ______ reduces the length of time the crystal rings.
• The linear sequential array produces rectangular images.
• What are adjustable focus systems called?
• Refraction artifact yields which displayed effect?
• Continuous wave ultrasound cannot create anatomical images.
• Spatial resolution consists of which two components?
• Which control amplifies signals from all depths equally and does not compensate for depth-specific attenuation?
• Propagation speed error at the vessel wall interface is most likely to cause which phenomenon?
• Determining the average intensity during the most intense half-cycle is called?
• Which parameter measures the ability to distinguish two structures that are close along the beam direction?
• In one second sound can travel into tissue and return from a depth of ______.
• If the number of cycles in a pulse increases while the wavelength remains constant, which statement is true?
• A number followed by the word percent is ______.
• Which technology would be most helpful to obtain accurate anatomic volume measurements?
• The distance from the front tip of our imaginary train to the end of the caboose.
• Which statement about sound propagation in a vacuum is true?
• Which transducer component is easily damaged by mechanical shock?
• Which component of the ultrasound system converts the electric energy provided by the pulser into acoustic pulses transmitted into the patient?
• What are 2 characteristics that create pulses of short duration?
• Spatial pulse length and pulse duration are related how?
• In Doppler ultrasound, the frequency difference between the transmitted and received frequencies is called
• Lateral resolution is also known as which of the following sets?
• Which term describes the deliberate reduction of sidelobes by varying element amplitudes across the array?
• Decibels are based on a mathematical construct called
• Which statement accurately describes the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and image quality?
• _____ reflection occurs when a light wave strikes a mirror.
• Which does not affect the time required to create one image frame?
• Which transducer would be most suitable to electronically steer and focus the beam?
• If the innermost ring malfunctions the ________ region of the image is lost.
• Which term quantifies the portion of incident energy that is reflected?
• Axial resolution is improved with which of the following?
• Refraction occurs with which waves?
• Describes the relative weight of material.
• Thinner active elements create which combination of wavelength and frequency?
• Increased tissue heating could occur when you:
• What prefix represents 10^6, or one million?
• _____ wavelength sound usually produces higher quality images with greater detail.
• Power Doppler brightness is related to the number of what?
• In color Doppler imaging, retrograde color flow seen below the baseline in a vessel with a stenosis is most likely caused by what?
• What is the equation for acoustic impedance?
• A standard measurement tool used to report changes in weakening or amplification.
• If sound travels from fat to soft tissue, how does the speed change?
• Thicker active elements create which combination of wavelength and frequency?
• Using the PRP formula, what imaging depth corresponds to 104 μs?
• If focusing is achieved by electronically controlled delays rather than physical changes, this corresponds to which focusing method?
• Which examination modality is most likely to have a high SPTA value?
• The near zone length is also called the Fresnel zone.
• What is a common term for the Doppler control that sets the maximum detectable velocity?
• Initially, intensity is determined by which source?
• Which term describes the maximum instantaneous intensity in a pulsed wave?
• Which component helps dampen ringing of the piezoelectric element in a transducer?
• Which statement is true about the wall filter?
• Pulse duration is ______ to the frequency.
• What are the two equations for divergence angle?
• Which term is synonymous with a convex array and describes its curved scan field?
• What is defined as the distance from the transducer to the narrowest part of the beam?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between depth of view and PRP?
• The intensity of the portion of the incident beam that continues forward in the same general direction that it was traveling is the _______.
• A-mode is used extensively in _______.
• In A-mode, what does the x-axis represent?
• Axial resolution improves with higher frequencies due to which type of pulses?
• Which method reduces ringing after the ultrasound system has excited the crystal?
• What is one main advantage of using tissue harmonics?
• In convex sequential arrays, the number of crystals fired at once is generally:
• What would be the most likely result from lowering the color threshold?
• The strength of a sound beam varies depending on the _______.
• Flash artifact can be reduced on the display by increasing the ______.
• What is the equation for PRP?
• Which component is primarily responsible for dynamic aperture in beamforming?
• Amplitude can have units of ____ of the acoustic variables.
• Lateral resolution is optimized within the ______.
• When imaging at shallow depths, the time from one pulse to the next is ______.
• Fill in the blank: A ______ has elements arranged in a linear fashion on a tightly curved radius.
• Which mode is described as displaying a line of dots with varying brightness?
• Which phenomenon occurs when ultrasonic energy is converted into another form of energy such as heat?
• The Reynolds number is best described as which type of quantity?
• The ratio of the focal length to the size of the aperture is known as F-number.
• The PRF range commonly used in practice is between which values?
• If amplitude doubles, power increases by what factor?
• You are examining a patient with retrograde flow as demonstrated in this image. What causes the flow to reverse its normal flow direction (arrow)?
• Which of the following will NOT cause a redirection of part of the ultrasound energy?
• When the frequencies of the waves differ, which interference types can occur?
• Which term represents the inner layer of the vessel wall?
• Where is the point of maximum intensity in a sound beam?
• Which entity is covered by HIPAA privacy rules?
• What parameter determines the maximum velocity that can be measured without aliasing?
• Which expression correctly represents the wavelength of soft-tissue sound given frequency in MHz?
• What term describes the depth discrimination ability of ultrasound?
• If a pulse contains a fixed number of cycles, increasing frequency will cause pulse duration to?
• Which option is not a standard method to improve resolution in ultrasound imaging?
• Propagation speed ____ with increased density.
• Which term describes the region beyond the focus?
• Pulse repetition frequency and depth of view are _______ related.
• The sonographer can change pulse repetition frequency by adjusting which parameter?
• What determines acoustic impedance?
• What term describes the distance of the pulse end to end, typically measured in millimeters?
• What is the speed of sound in liver tissue?
• Elevational resolution refers to the ability to distinguish details in which orientation relative to the ultrasound beam?
• Which trio contributes to attenuation?
• Variance maps are primarily used for _____ scanning.
• Speed is determined by the density and stiffness of the medium. Which properties determine the speed of ultrasound?
• The crystal or element must be _____ for higher frequencies.
• Short duration pulses also have a _____ length.
• What is the imaging mode called that uses the harmonic of the transmitted frequency to create the image?
• In clinical imaging, typical frequency ranges are around
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
• The half-value layer thickness depends on which two factors?
• A focus can be considered the _____ of a sound beam.
• What is used to amplify echo signals from deeper structures that have undergone greater attenuation than echoes from shallow structures?
• Which resolution corresponds to beam width perpendicular to the imaging plane?
• The x-axis in B-mode ultrasound represents which quantity?
• Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting attenuation of the ultrasound beam?
• Which resolution is most directly affected by a wider ultrasound beam?
• Higher frequency sound results in a ______ focus.
• Spatial pulse length is inversely proportional to frequency. Which statement best describes this relationship?
• What happens to piezoelectric properties when exposed to high temperature?
• As depth of view decreases, pulse repetition period _______.
• The most numerous cells in the blood are the:
• A waveform from the internal carotid artery at a 45-degree Doppler angle shows aliasing. Which option will help unwrap this waveform?
• What is the wall filter also known as?
• If the speed of sound in tissue is 1540 m/s and the frequency is 1 MHz, the wavelength is approximately
• What artifact indicates damaged transducer elements in B-mode imaging?
• Reciprocal numbers are inverse because when one ______, the other ______.
• How are M-mode displays created during ultrasound imaging?
• What is the order in which the signal travels in the ultrasound system?
• In a piezoelectric transducer, mechanical disruption causes what to happen?
• The angle between the incident sound beam and an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary is called the ______.
• According to the Doppler equation, which of the following is NOT true?
• What are the two functions of the matching layer?
• Which change would most likely increase the intensity at the focus of the ultrasound beam?
• What is another name for pulse duration?
• Frequency is reported in units of
• Frequency of a sound wave is determined by the ______.
• The sound beam can be focused by all of the following except:
• The propagation speed of sound is lowest in which biological tissue?
• What can you test with a Doppler flow phantom?
• An echo from which reflector is most dependent on the angle of incidence?
• Which factor does not determine the spatial resolution of the scan converter?
• Which parameter relates to tissue heating?
• Which two controls affect the spatial resolution of the color image?
• The duty factor equation shows that it is related to both ______ and ______.
• Sound travels in a _____ line.
• What is the equation for total attenuation in decibels?
• Which statement describes penetration and frequency correctly?
• Steering a linear array to form a trapezoidal display improves which aspect of image quality?
• Which statement best describes the effect of increasing gray-scale dynamic range on the display?
• Which type of reflection is associated with rough or irregular interfaces?
• During the course of a sonographic exam, you notice lateral splaying of the echoes in the far field. What can you do to improve the image?
• Color Doppler aliasing occurs when the pulse repetition frequency is too low to sample high-velocity flow.
• The phenomenon describing decreased pressure at a stenosis due to increased velocity is known as what?
• Velocity estimation in Doppler ultrasound is based on the measurement of which parameter?
• You want to use 3D imaging to display an anatomic structure because 3D has the following advantage over 2D imaging?
• Which term is another name for frame averaging in real-time ultrasound?
• Describes the ability of an object to resist compression?
• Both external and internal focusing are considered _______ techniques.
• What is the speed of sound in soft tissue?
• What happens to attenuation if distance increases?
• What transducer component is designed to control ringing of the piezoelectric element?
• What term is used to describe the far field of an ultrasound beam?
• The impedance of PZT is about 20 times greater than skin; this mismatch primarily affects energy transfer by causing what?
• Which term describes the bending of a wave at a boundary between media with different propagation speeds?
• The frequency of an ultrasound transducer is determined by which of the following?
• Two items that have no relationship are described as what?
• Which law is used to describe pressure loss due to viscosity in laminar flow?
• Rouleaux formation is promoted by which flow condition?
• ______ are the same as the side lobes, but occur with array transducers.
• The percentage or fraction of time that the system is transmitting a pulse.
• What is the term for the opposite of isotropic resolution?
• Time gain compensation is used to compensate for depth-related attenuation by increasing gain with depth. Which option reflects this concept?
• The image in the far field is less bright due to which phenomenon?
• In B-mode imaging, which echo amplitude would produce the brightest dot?
• What is meant by the term 4D imaging in sonography?
• What system function is limited by the speed of sound in tissue?
• The _____ is an important tissue property that influences the amount of reflection.
• Which Doppler modality would most likely have the highest SPTA value?
• While evaluating the liver vasculature with color Doppler, you are unable to obtain signals from the deeper vessels. What should you do to enhance deep flow?
• The features of a sound wave are called?
• A pulse repetition frequency of 12 kHz is equal to which numeric frequency?
• The angle between the reflected beam and the line perpendicular to the boundary is called the
• The time that the sound beam is actually on is defined as which quantity?
• Focusing improves lateral resolution because it ______ beam width.
• When the depth of view is set to 10 cm, PRP is?
• What is the speed of sound in water?
• An A-mode display looks like a ______.
• PACS stands for?
• Which resolution describes distinguishing two structures side by side perpendicular to the beam?
• Attenuation is measured in and reported as what kind of change?
• Differences in impedance between media cause which phenomenon at boundaries?
• Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of frequency in ultrasound?
• Which statement best describes the effect of a sound wave on biological tissue?
• Which statement describes grating lobes in relation to array transducers?
• The transmit time is called the _______.
• Which imaging mode may show a mirror image artifact?
• Axial resolution is typically expressed in which unit?
• Which statement best describes a use of 3D ultrasound imaging?
• The conversion of an incident pressure wave to an electrical signal is the:
• Diffraction of the sound beam is caused by what condition?
• Which action is most likely to decrease beam intensity?
• Bow-shaped, bowed array transducers are described by which term?
• Echo signals displayed on the monitor arise from which interactions?
• The SMPTE pattern is a standard pattern for evaluating which devices?
• Why are sonographic images usually compressed before sending to PACS?
• Two items that are associated or affiliated, but the relationship between them does not have to be specified, are best described as:
• Which device stores images at the conversion stage?
• Which artifact commonly results in echoes filling the lumen of small vessels?
• In M-mode displays, which arrangement best describes the axes?
• The ability to distinguish between adjacent structures that produce echoes of similar amplitude is termed:
• The ability to distinguish similar structures with varying gray scale is termed
• Atherosclerosis begins within which layer of the vessel wall?
• Which transducer type is best suited to cardiac imaging?
• A mass with a diameter of 35 mm is equivalent to which value in centimeters?
• Which of the following describes an analog signal?
• The spatial resolution of the scan converter is determined by:
• Which component is described as the combination of the active element, its wire, and the system electronics?
• Which option correctly describes the duty factor: the inverse of PRF, the duration of the emitted pulse, the fraction of time the beam is on during a cycle, or the time between pulses, with the correct choice located as specified?
• Which term describes scattering from targets much smaller than the wavelength?
• Variance maps are mainly used to assess turbulence in which area?
• Which statement is NOT a consequence of using backing material in ultrasound transducers?
• A transducer that produces images with a curved footprint is most likely which type?
• Which intensity is the location maximum averaged over the transmit time?
• Which configuration is commonly used for curved, broad-depth abdominal imaging?
• What are the five keywords related to reporting intensities of pulsed waves?
• In a Doppler spectrum, the brightness of the dot represents the amplitude along which axis?
• True or False: A pulsed ultrasound beam has the same intensity at different times during the pulse.
• Which feature helps limit ringing in imaging transducers?
• In biologic media, impedance values are commonly expressed in which units?
• The operational characteristics of convex arrays are similar to which type of array?
• A digital scan converter is another name for which component?
• What is the PRP when imaging depth is 7 cm?
• PRF is _____ related to the maximum imaging depth.
• Lead zirconate titanate is a commonly used piezoelectric material for ultrasound transducers. Which of the following is also a piezoelectric material used in modern transducers?
• Which statement about audibility is true?
• Which term best describes the property of a transducer that relates to its ability to limit ringing and improve axial resolution?
• Increasing the number of transmit focal zones to improve spatial resolution trades off between
• Lateral resolution is primarily determined by which parameter?
• Speed is measured in?
• What is the equation for impedance?
• Which of the following describes the three parameters that describe the size or magnitude of a sound wave?
• An area reduction of 90% corresponds to what percent diameter reduction?
• For comparison, high-frequency transducers use which characteristics?
• What information is present in the M-mode display?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between MI/TI indices and ALARA safety?
• The typical value of period in diagnostic ultrasound is?
• Which transducer arrangement yields a rectangular image with high near-field resolution?
• By ______ the sector width the user forces the system to fire more lines of sight for each imaging frame.
• Assuming signal A has a lower frequency than signal B, which statement is true?
• Which statement about the typical thickness of the diagnostic imaging transducer crystal is true?
• Which imaging application has the lowest FDA-approved SPTA exposure values?
• Which parameter describes the center frequency of the emitted spectrum in pulsed-wave ultrasound?
• You are imaging the phantom with a conventional linear array. Why does the tube labeled "B" contain echoes, whereas the tube labeled "A" does not?
• For pulsed wave transducers, which active-element size creates higher frequency sound pulses?
• Period x Frequency = ?
• Decreasing the image sector width has what effect on frame rate?
• What is the primary purpose of a PACS?
• The number of images displayed per second in real-time imaging is termed the:
• When the intensity doubles, the relative change is:
• Decrease by a factor means to ______.
• In linear phased array transducers, what determines the sound beams direction and focus?
• Within the far zone the beam tends to do what?
• When a reflector is 2cm deep, a pulses time-of-flight is _____.
• Which term describes energy returning to the transducer in a mirror-like reflection during organized interaction?
• Which type of array is formed by multiple discrete elements arranged in a straight line, created from a single PZT slab?
• If two quantities are directly related, as one increases, the other increases. Which option best describes their relationship?
• Which term describes the gradual spread of the ultrasound beam in the far field?
• Which type of ultrasound transducer provides adjustable multi-focus due to its design?
• Which function is postprocessing in ultrasound image formation?
• Which frequency range is considered audible?
• Which statement best describes system sensitivity?
• Dynamic Apodization is a method employed to:
• Which intensity is spatially averaged and temporally averaged?
• In a four-ring annular array, how many focal depths are typically utilized per scan line?
• Scattering is related to _________.
• Doppler frequency shift exhibits which of the following?
• A repeating pattern in the far field is most likely caused by:
• Lateral resolution is best defined as the minimum distance between two structures positioned side by side that produce distinct echoes, which is determined by what?
• What feature would you use if you wish to recall a previous exam from the PACS system to your ultrasound machine?
• Which system component is primarily responsible for converting received echoes into a format suitable for display, including grayscale mapping?
• What control should you adjust to optimize the image if you are scanning a structure that produces very bright echoes on the display?
• Which term describes the low-pressure portion of a sound wave?
• _____ of the sound beam occurs whenever there is both oblique incidence and a difference in media propagation speeds.
• Enhancement occurs distal to a structure with what characteristic?
• What is the equation for PRF? PRF (Hz) = 77,000 cm/s / imaging depth (cm)
• Penetration is ______ with increasing frequency.
• For a linear phased array transducer the footprint or the face of the transducer that comes into contact with the skin is described as a small square about 1 cm on each side.
• You obtained a 3D sweep in an axial plane and are viewing it in a multiplanar display. What orthogonal planes will be displayed?
• The control that sets the gray-scale brightness at which color will be displayed instead of gray-scale at a pixel location is termed:
• Sound waves in the lung attenuate dramatically because of which mechanisms?
• Which statement best describes DICOM interoperability?
• Which medium has the slowest speed of sound among air, water, and metals?
• In clinical imaging a pulse typically contains ______ cycles.
• An acute angle is ______.
• If imaging depth is increased, what happens to PRP?
• Increasing the length of a vascular segment will have what effect on flow resistance?
• Which ultrasound examination would require the highest frame rate?
• Which factors affect the presence of the systolic spectral window in Doppler waveform analysis?
• Decibels quantify changes in signal strength due to attenuation or amplification by using what?
• When interaction is disorganized, the sound back to the transducer is _______ or _______.
• With annular phased array transducers a two dimensional image is built up by ______ rotating the ringed element array so that it transmits sound beams in ______ directions.
• In M-mode, a line that moves up and down on the display indicates what about the reflector's motion?
• Which description best defines specular reflection?
• In an A-mode display, which pair of measurements is commonly shown?
• What are the 4 distinct alterations a sound beam undergoes when focused?
• Axial resolution is improved by using which change to the spatial pulse length?
• Which type of reflection occurs when the interface is large and smooth?
• Which term describes incidence when the beam strikes the boundary at 90 degrees?
• Which resolution is related to the dimension perpendicular to the imaging plane, often described as slice thickness?
• Axial resolution measures the ability to display two structures very close together when the structures are ______.
• If decibels are a ratio of the actual level to the starting level, what does a ratio less than 1 imply?
• Which statement about specular reflections is true?
• The number of pulses that occur in one second is known as which quantity?
• Which parameter remains constant as depth increases?
• The number of pulses used to determine velocity along a color line of sight is called?
• The image created by a mechanical transducer is shaped like which option?
• Which term is an alternative name for the far zone?
• The aperture in an ultrasound array refers to the number of active elements.
• In A-mode, which axis represents Amplitude?
• As frequency increases, what happens to attenuation in soft tissue?
• Attenuation in soft tissue depends on which property of the sound wave?
• After a sound wave is received by the transducer and converted into electricity, the returned signal is what?
• Why is the sampling rate of M-mode ultrasound described as very high?
• Which parameter describes the number of cycles per second?
• After a short walking exercise, the venous pressure at the ankle of a standing normal subject is:
• In harmonic imaging, which statement is true?
• Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between.
• Temporal peak intensity (Itp) is maximum in which domain?
• When the intensity is increased by a factor of 10, the relative change is:
• Negative decibels describe signals that are ______ in strength or getting ______.
• Which component is positioned in front of the PZT at the face of the transducer?
• PRP is expressed in which unit?
• Which pair correctly matches tens and tenths in terms of prefix name and abbreviation?
• Attenuation is measured in which unit?
• Acoustic impedance is also called _______.
• The greater the pressure difference between two points, the ______ the flow rate.
• You are observing a sonographic artifact based on the interference patterns of scattered echoes. What artifact are you imaging?
• Advantage of using a 3D/4D transducer with an automated sweep vs traditional transducer with a freehand sweep?
• At the focal point the beam width is ______.
• True or False: An ultrasound beam has the same intensity at different locations within the beam.
• The location where the beam diameter is the narrowest is called the
• The highest temporal intensity is the _______.
• Which transducer type is best suited to vascular imaging?
• Because the PRF sets the Nyquist limit (1/2 PRF), higher velocities can be measured without aliasing by increasing the ______.
• Sound waves are also known as ____.
• Which statement best describes specular reflection?
• Which mode is characterized by Time on the x-axis?
• Which statement describes what happens at an interface with a large impedance mismatch?
• PRP is determined by?
• Which component is the piezoelectric crystal itself (active element) that, in a simple probe, is coin-shaped and whose dimensions determine the emitted beam?
• The beam former primarily controls which aspect of imaging?
• What is the speed of sound in air?
• The percentage of the sound beam's intensity that passes through when the beam reaches a boundary between two media is called the ITC.
• If sound did not attenuate with increasing depth, what system control would you no longer need?
• Which statement about attenuation factors is true?
• Axial resolution is determined by the ______.
• Attenuation increases with increasing which of the following?
• What determines the speed of sound?
• In convex arrays, the beams transmitted are designed to be:
• What system control is used to equalize echo amplitudes from structures at different depths?
• Which statement is true about the relationship between duty factor and imaging depth?
• What is the wavelength in soft tissue at 3 MHz if the speed is approximately 1540 m/s?
• Two benefits of tissue harmonic imaging include which of the following options?
• Which color combination is used on a color monitor to produce the range of available colors?
• When the speed of sound in PZT is faster, the frequency of sound created by a pulsed wave transducer is ______.
• Initial power is determined by what?
• A nosocomial infection is defined as one that is:
• What are the units of flow?
• As long as a wave remains in one medium, wavelength and frequency are ______.
• What component is bonded to the back of the active element to reduce ringing and dampen the emitted pulse?
• With normal incidence, if the two media have the same impedance, _____ incident intensity is transmitted.
• What is the function of the backing material?
• What is the general term for phenomena that weaken the ultrasound beam?
• Color flash artifact is obscuring the anatomy of interest in an exam of the abdominal aorta. What can you do to reduce impact of the flash?
• Which description best characterizes an ultrasound wave in human tissue?
• What is the commonly assumed speed of sound in soft tissues for ultrasound range calculations?
• Doubling the frequency has what effect on the period?
• Oblique incidence means ______.
• When discussing relationships between amplitude, power, and intensity, the word squared always follows the word _____.
• In a sound wave, the molecules in the medium vibrate back and forth from a ____ position.
• Duty factor is determined by?
• Selective reception of echoes generated within the body by nonlinear propagation describes:
• Sata stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• If two media have the same acoustic impedance at their boundary, what will occur to the sound?
• Which zone is closest to the transducer?
• The distance that sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity to one-half is called:
• Which imaging technique may increase visualization of the reflections from blood flow on the real-time ultrasound image?
• Damping reduces which two quantities?
• The active elements in linear sequential arrays are much ______ than those found in linear phased arrays.
• Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to wavelength. Which statement best describes this relationship?
• The active elements in a convex array are much _________ than those found in a phased array.
• Which parameter is most directly related to avoiding aliasing by extending the maximum measurable velocity?
• To maintain the same temporal resolution after expanding the image sector width to visualize a large mass, which adjustment should be made?
• Sound with frequencies above 1 MHz attenuate ______.
• Which statement best describes the relation between depth of view and PRP?
• The term for focusing during transmission by adjusting the phase of emitted waves from the array elements?
• In A-mode displays, which statement best describes how the display is generated?
• The distance that the sound travels _____ affects attenuation.
• Which HIPAA privacy action would be considered compliant when using patient data for teaching?
• Which ultrasound artifact occurs when the slice thickness is wider than the structure being imaged?
• Bulk modulus is closely related to which quality?
• Low-pressure regions are called
• Is the duty factor adjustable?
• The PRP is the ______ of a sound pulse between the transducer and the bottom of the image.
• In general, when the sector angle is decreased, the number of scan lines is ______.
• When the sound beam is refracted during a sonographic examination which of the following might you detect on the ultrasound image?
• The percentage of the incident beam that is reflected is related to ________.
• Refraction artifact can manifest as which of the following?
• The typical value of pulse repetition frequency is?
• The acoustic variable pressure is measured in units of?
• For a non-focused transducer, the region between the transducer element and the point at which the sound beam becomes narrowest is called the:
• Attenuation is greater in which type of sound?
• Which scale do decibels use?
• Piezoelectric materials change shape when a voltage is applied to them, a process called ______.
• Edema involving the right lower extremity may be caused by:
• Which control could you adjust to improve the signal-to-noise ratio on the image?
• Which of the following describes the spectrum of frequencies emitted by a pulsed-wave transducer?
• To maximize depth while preserving resolution, clinicians typically select the frequency that is __________.
• The principle mechanism of attenuation in air is ______.
• Scattering occurs under which condition?
• In B-mode, the z-axis represents what?
• Which component is necessary for a real-time B-mode scanner but is not present in an A-mode scanner?
• Which transducer type uses a rotating mechanical element to sweep the ultrasound beam?
• The percentage of time that the ultrasound is being transmitted is called what?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of Mega?
• Which concept refers to all time, including transmit and receive, when describing ultrasound intensity?
• When a reflector is located superficially, the time from pulse creation to reception is ______.
• According to the Doppler equation, increasing transmit frequency will increase the Doppler frequency shift for a given velocity. Which option best reflects this?
• The graphic overlay on this phantom image represents a grayscale assignment curve. What type of curve is being used?
• Which term describes the conversion of an acoustic pressure into an electrical signal inside the transducer?
• Which formula expresses speed (m/s) in terms of frequency and wavelength?
• Beam steering is achieved _______ without any moving parts in the transducer.
• How do linear arrays steer sound beams?
• Which action would decrease the frame rate?
• Refraction occurs whenever there is oblique incidence and different propagation speeds between two media.
• Decibel notation ______ measure absolute numbers.
• A transducer that produces a beam with a very wide slice thickness, which problem is most likely?
• What is the purpose of the gel coupling between the transducer and the skin?
• Sound waves produced by very small sources diverge in the shape of a _____.
• What is the propagation speed of bone?
• Which term describes the interval between the start of one transmitted pulse and the start of the next?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of imaging transducers?
• Which factor has no impact on frame rate?
• Which component converts electric energy into mechanical vibrations (sound energy) for transmission into the patient?
• For sound reflection at the interface of two media to occur, what condition must be met?
• Which statement about typical impedance values in biologic media is true?
• The minimum value of the duty factor is?
• The term for a transducer that has an array of rectangular elements arranged in a straight line is:
• With B-mode weaker reflections appear as _____ dots whereas stringer reflections appear as ______ dots.
• Which describes constructive interference?
• Which term describes the distance from the transducer to the focus?
• The reflected signal from Rayleigh scatterers increases to the ____ of the frequency.
• Damage to one element of a phased array transducer results in beam steering that is
• If the amplitude is increased by a factor of 3, intensity increases by a factor of ...
• In a pulsed wave transducer the speed of sound in PZT and the frequency of sound are _____ related.
• Which statement best describes a limitation of M-mode scanning?
• Which parameter controls the Nyquist limit in Doppler ultrasound?
• With convex arrays, the transducer face is ______.
• The primary method of improving lateral resolution is _____.
• With an aliased signal, the peak of the waveform is clipped off and appears on the opposite side of the baseline, indicating retrograde flow.
• Diffuse reflection occurs when the sound beam strikes a large rough surface. Which condition best describes this phenomenon?
• During reception the reflected sound pulse is converted into electricity.
• A change in direction of wave propagation when passing from one medium to another is called
• Which statement is true about the frequency of a sound wave?
• Which tissue exhibits the highest rate of attenuation for an ultrasound wave?
• With linear sequential array transducers ____________ to create each sound wave.
• Which technique is commonly used to estimate mean Doppler velocity from color or spectral data by analyzing successive samples?
• Which option best describes a comprehensive ultrasound system preventative maintenance program?
• The lower the frequency the ______ the wavelength.
• If the speed is 1540 m/s and the wavelength is 1.0 mm, the frequency is approximately
• What is a key advantage of using the attenuation coefficient to describe sound weakening as path length changes?
• If both diameter and frequency are increased, focal depth will be:
• Aliasing in Doppler ultrasound occurs when the Doppler frequency shift exceeds what fraction of the pulse repetition frequency?
• In 3D sonography, what term describes a single 3D pixel element?
• What does mechanical index indicate on an ultrasound system?
• What is the function of strain relief in a transducer?
• A method used to improve frame rates with multizone electronic focusing is termed:
• Which zone refers to the far-field region where the beam diverges after the focal point?
• What is the effect of increasing imaging depth and scan line density on temporal resolution?
• With a 17 cm/s color map, the end colors on the bar indicate velocities beyond the scale.
• Using a 5 MHz, 40 mm linear array transducer to image a structure, what is the width of the image?
• If the pulse length is reduced, axial resolution generally does what?
• Which type of focusing decreases the frame rate?
• With a linear phased array transducer there are as many as _________ that are arranged along the face of the probe.
• Refraction depends on both ______ and different media _____.
• The grayscale image in color Doppler exams using a linear array uses electrical patterns with which property?
• Which artifact is mitigated by subdicing in array transducers?
• Distance between consecutive crests is also known as
• In ultrasound imaging, processing that is performed before data is stored or displayed is known as which term?
• When the intensity is reduced to half, the relative change is:
• Spatial compounding imaging primarily reduces which ultrasound artifact?
• A thick half-value layer is associated with which of the following?
• Which decibel change corresponds to a tenfold increase in intensity?
• What is the name of the cylindrical tube that protects the transducer's internal components and also insulates the patient from electrical shock?
• When color Doppler is active, how many pulses per scan line are typically used to create the underlying B-mode image?
• If the Doppler angle is increased during an ultrasound exam, which effect is expected on the Doppler frequency shift for a given flow velocity?
• String test objects are used to evaluate which aspect of Doppler performance?
• Which statement correctly contrasts annular phased arrays and linear sequential arrays?
• Pulse repetition frequency is defined as the number of what per second?
• What benefit would you obtain by choosing a transducer having a large diameter compared to one having a small diameter?
• Which term describes the two-way travel time of a pulse?
• In color Doppler imaging, the color arrow indicates what about flow?
• Without interpolation, which of the following would best describe the resultant B-mode image?
• The color Doppler portion of the image is parallelogram-shaped because the electrical spike patterns creating the doppler beams are which?
• Which technology enables adjustable focusing by altering the timing among array elements?
• As frequency increases, what happens to the attenuation coefficient in soft tissue?
• With lateral resolution _____ numbers are preferable since they indicate more accurate images.
• The thickness of the PZT crystal in a pulsed wave transducer is equal to what fraction of the wavelength?
• Which statement best describes tissue harmonic imaging?
• Which term describes the number of pulses used to sample flow in color Doppler?
• Which statement about density and speed of sound is most accurate?
• When using a transducer with poor elevation resolution, which problem is most likely to occur?
• Spatial pulse length has units of
• How is the speed of sound affected by the nature of the sound wave?
• Electronic focusing in the transmit mode is accomplished using:
• Preprocessing functions may be defined as:
• What is the slope of the line that represents an inverse relationship between two variables?
• When the depth of view is deep, the PRP is _____.
• Which device performs interpolation in the imaging chain?
• The ratio of the largest to the smallest signal that a system can handle is termed:
• Underestimating the Doppler angle of incidence will result in which error?
• If the attenuation coefficient is 0.5 dB/cm, what is the total attenuation over 2 cm?
• In sound propagation, a series of which two features are formed by oscillating particles?
• How are frequency and attenuation related?
• The focusing method that uses electronic delays across array elements is called?
• Which statement about Rayleigh scattering and frequency is true?
• Which part of the sonographic instrument is responsible for Apodization, beam steering, focusing, and aperture control?
• What are the units for ultrasound intensity?
• When you select compound imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed?
• Spectral broadening is associated with which type of flow?
• Decibels report _______.
• What is the term for the percentage of ultrasound intensity that passes in the forward direction when a beam strikes an interface between two media?
• Sound waves that have a frequency less than 20 Hz are defined as.
• Which statement about speed in the body is true?
• PRP is ______ related to the maximum imaging depth.
• Which parameter describes the axial length of the sampling volume for a color pixel?
• Which statement describes harmonic imaging correctly?
• Non stiff media are described as?
• Attenuation on soft tissue is described as:
• Aliasing occurs when the Doppler signal frequency exceeds which fraction of PRF?
• Which physics concept best explains the difference in signal strength between the 5.0 and 6.3 MHz Doppler frequencies?
• What term describes the hyperechoic region seen beneath a complex structure due to decreased attenuation?
• Name in decreasing order of impedance PZT to Skin.
• Which artifact is produced when the ultrasound beam refracts at an oblique interface?
• Which factor does not affect impedance?
• Which material is used to damp the crystal and shorten ringing time?
• Which statement is true about deeper imaging?
• Which component's primary job is to generate spike timing to control the beam?
• Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to which quantity?
• Which statement is true about typical ultrasound resolutions?
• Which factor least influences axial resolution?
• In a disc shaped crystal, the width of the beam at the focus is one half the width of the beam leaving the transducer.
• Which description best explains how a triangular image format is produced by ultrasound beam steering?
• The standard symbol used to denote acoustic impedance is which of the following?
• Which statement best describes attenuation in soft tissue?
• Which Doppler technique is used to measure high velocities with reduced aliasing?
• Intensity is _____ to power.
• The end of the near zone marks the location of the
• Which transducer type is most appropriate for thyroid evaluation using standard B-mode imaging?
• Higher frequency sound results in a ____ half-value layer.
• Volume flow is determined by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the vessel by which quantity?
• PRP and PRF are ______ related.
• ______ steering is not possible with annular arrays.
• Attenuation is extremely low in which medium?
• Which statement about the speed of sound in different media is true?
• In the color map, which color would indicate an aliased signal associated with flow away from the transducer?
• What positive result will occur from increasing the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow?
• In the railroad analogy, the time it takes the train to roll past us would be considered the which ultrasound measure?
• What happens to the focal depth when focusing the beam?
• Which artifact is commonly seen as bright echoes near the baseline in post-stenotic turbulence?
• Collateral vessels have a _____ length and a ______ diameter, both resulting in ______ resistance to flow.
• Which of the following is NOT a contributor to attenuation?
• As depth of view increases, pulse repetition period _______.
• Which statement best describes a typical disadvantage of a small-footprint ultrasound transducer?
• Pulse duration is ______ to the number of cycles in the pulse.
• Which physical concept is used to measure velocity of moving reflectors via Doppler shifts?
• By changing the listening time sonographers alter the _____ of the image.
• In color Doppler imaging, ensemble length is equivalent to which of the following?
• Is the amplitude adjustable?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of short pulse duration on axial resolution?
• A decibel value of 0 indicates that the actual level equals the starting level.
• Which of the following is NOT user-adjustable?
• Which statement describes what happens when you lower the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in Doppler color imaging?
• Is power adjustable?
• A region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow.
• Which term describes the loss of beam intensity due to tissue propagation?
• What are two characteristics of high-frequency pulsed wave imaging transducers?
• Attenuation in fat is described as:
• As frequency increases, wavelength _______.
• Which option best describes the F-number?
• Which ultrasound mode has Time on the x-axis?
• When creating anatomic images, duty factors are in the range of _____, indicating that ultrasound systems spend a very small percentage of time transmitting and a very large percentage of time receiving.
• Smaller diameter PZT crystals create _______ focus beams whereas larger diameter crystals create ______ focus beams.
• Wavelength is defined as the distance over which one complete cycle occurs.
• In color Doppler displays, which color typically represents positive Doppler shifts?
• Which type of transducer typically has a curved footprint and is used to produce broad sector images?
• For a linear phased array transducer the beam is steered and focused using an electrical technique called _______.
• Angles with a measure other than 90 degrees are also called ______ angles.
• Which region yields more accurate images due to beam focus?
• What Doppler control removes frequencies below a given threshold, resulting in a clean zero baseline?
• What effect does damping material have on bandwidth?
• Which term describes the fraction of sound transmitted at a boundary and the fraction reflected at a boundary?
• Which setting should you lower to improve sensitivity to slow flow?
• What is an advantage of a water-path scanner?
• In which medium is there no noticeable attenuation of ultrasound frequencies below 10 MHz?
• Is the period adjustable?
• Which two factors determine spatial pulse length?
• What is the primary clinical use of M-mode in cardiology?
• Averages the data in pixels over successive frames.
• With a fixed focus transducer, what two factors determine the focal depth?
• The image shape produced by a mechanical transducer is often described as which of the following?
• The audible frequency range is approximately ______.
• If the spike line has a slope, the spike line is
• Which term best describes the property that enables a material to generate a voltage when mechanically strained?
• When interaction is organized, the sound back to the transducer is ______.
• Which imaging technique results in selective reception of frequencies that are 2 times that of the transmitted frequency?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between PRF and imaging depth?
• Reynolds number depends on which variables?
• _____ frequencies improve both axial and lateral resolutions.
• Grating lobes cause a _____ of the ultrasound beam and _____ lateral resolution.
• Used to fill in the missing data between scan lines in both gray scale and color Doppler.
• In practice, lower numerical values of lateral resolution correspond to what imaging quality?
• This Doppler waveform scenario indicates which statement is true: the direction of flow is toward the beam.
• The term duty factor is defined as:
• The V shaped waves produced by very small sources are also known as what 3 things?
• A short pulse is created by reducing ringing. Which option best describes this statement?
• Transducers used for diagnostic ultrasound are _____ transducers.
• Digital-to-Analog conversion occurs at which point in the imaging chain?
• Which factor least influences lateral resolution?
• Wavelength is determined by _________.
• The blank is determined by the medium, not the sound source.
• Which term describes frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz?
• Power Doppler colorization shows what information?
• Reflection magnitude at a boundary depends on which factor?
• By adjusting the imaging depth the operator changes what 3 things?
• The focal depth of a mechanical transducer is fixed. Which term best describes this characteristic?
• If one acoustic variable oscillates rhythmically, the wave is a ____.
• Multiplying a number by its reciprocal yields ______.
• The half-value layer is thicker for tissues that attenuate sound a little, such as fluids.
• Which statement correctly describes ITC range?
• For a linear array transducer consisting of a single row of elements, what method is most used to focus the beam in the elevational direction?
• Which factor can cause the propagation speed to change?
• Read magnification is associated with which read magnification-related item?
• Which parameter describes how fast a wave travels through the medium?
• Shorter pulses _____ axial resolution.
• Which pairing describes the two characteristics of less attenuation?
• What is the equation for the Reynolds number?
• A decrease in intensity, power, and amplitude as sound travels is called:
• The effect of backing material on the transducer’s quality factor is to
• Which is an assumption of sonographic imaging that determines how detected echoes are mapped in the image?
• Refraction occurs when crossing an interface under which condition?
• Which layer helps reduce impedance mismatch at the skin interface?
• Air has an ______ attenuation compared to soft tissue.
• Which intensity is measured at the location where intensity is maximum and at the instant when the pulse is strongest?
• Which statement about how impedance is determined is correct?
• Dynamic range in ultrasound imaging refers to:
• Which acronym denotes Spatial Average, Temporal Average?
• What artifact is caused by random interference of echoes from tissue microstructure, producing a grainy appearance?
• Lateral resolution is measured in units of ______.
• In color Doppler, the frequency shift is _______.
• For a linear array transducer, which resolution is most affected by the mechanical focus?
• The percentage of the intensity that bounces back when a sound beam strikes the boundary between 2 media is the _______.
• Which velocity profile best describes laminar flow in a circular vessel?
• Measuring the intensity of the beam at the instant in time of its maximal value is called
• What term describes the degree of attenuation per centimeter of sound propagation?
• As depth of view increases, PRF decreases.
• Which statement best describes divergence behavior as frequency increases?
• The edge shadowing seen with curved interfaces is caused by
• What is the main advantage of using an intracavitary probe compared to a standard transducer?
• Which explanation best describes the etiology of a dark band distal to a highly attenuating or reflecting object in ultrasound imaging?
• Scattering is ______ related to frequency.
• Which technique reduces speckle by combining information from different angles?
• The combination of the active element, wire, and system electronics is called a ______.
• The optimal time delays used during receive focusing change depending upon the ______ at which the reflection was created.
• What term describes adjustable or multiple focusing in ultrasound systems?
• A number in scientific notation form with an exponent of zero has a value __________.
• Which display method will help you demonstrate flow turbulence with color Doppler?
• When frequency doubles, Rayleigh scattering is?
• The primary advantage of annular phased arrays is that ________ create each scan line of the image.
• A standard for handling and transferring images and medical information between computers is:
• Which statement best describes axial resolution in imaging transducers?
• Which phenomenon occurs when a wave changes direction due to incidence with a boundary?
• In standard B-mode imaging of the thyroid using a linear array, the transmitted pulses typically consist of how many cycles?
• Larger transducer diameters produce a beam with _____ divergence.
• As depth increases, lateral resolution tends to:
• Which term describes the process of combining signals with time delays across the array to steer and focus the beam?
• Wavelength is measured in units of?
• A transducer with a 3 MHz center frequency produces a pulse range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz; the bandwidth is 4 MHz. Which set correctly states these values?
• Higher frequency sound produces a beam with _____ divergence.
• In clinical imaging the half-value layer ranges for typical values?
• If you are imaging with a 5 MHz linear array transducer, which sound parameter stays constant as the beam propagates through tissue?
• What happens to density during rarefaction?
• Is the pulse duration adjustable?
• Which factor does NOT affect impedance?
• Phased array transducers are associated with producing sector or fan-shaped images due to electronic steering.
• Which component serves as the digital memory of the ultrasound system?
• What advantage is associated with a tightly curved array?
• Which statement describes a phased array transducer?
• Conversion of a sound wave to an electric signal occurs when the sound wave strikes the transducer surface and is termed ______.
• Which statement best describes the fundamental components of an ultrasound wave in tissue?
• States that a large active element may be thought of as millions of tiny, distinct sound sources.
• How many lines of sight are sampled and displayed on the monitor in A-mode?
• Which transducer arrangement consists of concentric circular rings?
• When depth of view is set to 7.7 cm, PRF is ______.
• In pulsed ultrasound, which factor determines the sound wave frequency?
• You are performing a sonogram on a patient with highly attenuating tissue. Which of the following solutions would be most likely to improve penetration through the tissue?
• Which array transducer fires all of the elements for each acoustic scan line, using small time delays to steer the beam?
• What sets the Nyquist limit in Doppler color imaging?
• You are performing a 3D sonogram and notice the volume rate is 8 Hz. What does this represent?
• You notice a loss of detail in the lateral dimension of the ultrasound image. What can you do to improve this?
• Which statement is true about pulse duration?
• Single-crystal transducers have which advantage?
• Normal incidence is also known as which term?
• Which statement best describes sound propagation in a medium?
• Which statement correctly describes continuous-wave Doppler?
• Pulse inversion harmonics imaging retains which frequency components?
• Which parameter is directly associated with expanding the velocity range measurable without aliasing in pulsed Doppler?
• When two reflectors are closer side by side than the beam width _______ is observed on the image.
• Sound _____ as it propagates.
• Which transducer type was most likely used to acquire a sector display that narrows to a point at the transducer surface?
• Attenuation in bone and lung is described as:
• What is the primary reason that brightness in B-mode displays corresponds to echo amplitude?
• Which resolution refers to distinguishing two structures along the path of the ultrasound beam?
• Depth of view increases, duty factor does what?
• Which control most directly adjusts the intensity of the transmitted ultrasound pulse?
• Which sequence correctly lists tissues from lowest to highest speed of sound?
• Which transducer type is commonly used to enable electronic steering and dynamic focusing of the beam?
• PRF is measured in which unit?
• With which phenomenon is the angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence?
• Which statement describes oblique incidence?
• In laminar, fully developed flow within a tube, what is the typical shape of the velocity profile?
• Pulse average intensity (Ipa) is averaged _________.
• If a typical pulse duration is 200 microseconds, the pulse repetition period would likely fall in which range?
• The behavior of a sound pulse when it strikes a boundary is determined by which of the following?
• The degree of stiffness may also be described by these 2 terms:
• ____ are a summation of side lobes generated by array transducers.
• What is the name of the electronics that generate spike patterns in ultrasound systems?
• Atherosclerosis begins in which layer of the vessel wall?
• Power divided by the beam area is equal to which quantity?
• The study of blood moving through the circulatory system.
• Which term describes reducing electrical cross-talk between adjacent transducer elements?
• A proximal stenosis can cause retrograde flow in the downstream artery due to which mechanism?
• Sound traveling in bone undergoes extensive ______.
• Which condition begins as a fatty streak within the intimal layer of the vessel wall?
• Which statement describes the arrangement of the linear sequential array's active elements?
• Which statement about focusing and lateral resolution is accurate?
• Which zone is used to describe the far-field region of an ultrasound beam?
• What is the wavelength at 5 MHz given speed 1540 m/s?
• Spectral mirroring artifact is most commonly associated with what Doppler angle?
• Which effect is observed when imaging sound reflected from a large, smooth interface?
• A phantom with multiple rows of identical 5mm spherical fluid structures embedded in tissue-mimicking material is best used to evaluate which type of resolution?
• Duty factors for imaging systems must always be ______.
• Duty factor is _____ related to imaging depth.
• Ispta refers to which combination of spatial and temporal dimensions?
• Which tissue is most likely to have a thicker HVL?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three bigness parameters?
• During Doppler interrogation of the carotid artery, spectral mirroring is most commonly caused by which condition?
• Refraction artifact occurs due to bending of sound waves at tissue interfaces causing echoes to appear displaced.
• What is the propagation speed of bone?
• The y-axis of the A-mode represents _______.
• The main purpose of time delays during receive focusing is to compensate for differences in distances to the reflector.
• The apparent inconsistency between large and small sound sources and their beams is known as _______.
• Which unit is used to express duty factor?
• If decibels report relative changes, what does a positive value indicate about the compared levels?
• Which type of resolution is affected most by pulse duration?
• Rayleigh scattering occurs under which condition?
• A large smooth interface such as the renal capsule, diaphragm, or pericardium is described as a
• Materials that convert sound into electricity (and vice versa) are called _____ or _____.
• In B-mode, the x-axis represents what?
• A method in which the sound beam is steered in multiple directions by employing time delays.
• In B-mode imaging, amplitude information is mapped to which axis on the CRT display?
• Duty factor is a ______ and is therefore _______.
• With linear phased arrays the sound beam created by this more curved electrical pattern will have a _______ focus.
• Sound scatters when the tissue interface is _______.
• If the bulk modulus of a medium increases while density remains constant, what happens to the speed of ultrasound?
• Shadowing behind the lateral borders of a cyst is produced by which source?
• In regions of high attenuation, which ultrasound artifact is commonly observed?
• As a result of absorption, higher frequency waves attenuate more than lower frequency waves.
• The interference of a pair of in-phase waves results in a single wave of greater amplitude than either of its components. This combination is called
• Which statement describes how a single beam is formed in a convex sequential array?
• In 3D ultrasound, which statement is true?
• Which of the following is an example of a Rayleigh scatterer?
• What is the typical axial resolution range reported in clinical imaging?
• If a wave shows rhythmic oscillation in distance, what is it?
• Sound travels ______ in media with low density.
• Which term describes the fraction of time the imaging system is transmitting relative to the entire cycle?
• Which transducer type has the same line density for both the near and far field?
• Which control reduces weak echoes from the display?
• What is the equation for quality factor?
• Frame averaging is also known as?
• Which term indicates the speed or swiftness of a fluid moving from one location to another?
• Which component determines the pulse repetition frequency in an ultrasound system?
• When using higher-frequency transducers, what is the typical trade-off?
• The end of the near zone coincides with the location of the
• While scanning a curved structure, you notice shadowing at the lateral edges. What is required for this artifact to occur?
• Which unit is used to express pressure amplitude in clinical imaging?
• Which type of resolution is determined by the number of pixels in the scan converter?
• If frequency increases while keeping other factors constant, pulse duration will
• Which statement best defines attenuation in ultrasound?
• The _____ control is used by the operator to adjust the magnitude of the voltage pulse applied to the crystal. As it increases, the intensity of the transmitted pulse ______.
• Which transducer type will best mitigate the volume averaging artifact?
• Axial resolution is determined by which parameter?
• Which definition best describes amplitude in a sound wave?
• The shadow behind a renal stone is primarily due to which interaction?
• Demodulation is accomplished by which pair of processes (filtering)?
• Doppler pulses used for diagnostic purposes are typically ______ cycles long:
• If the time of flight is 52 μs, the reflector depth is ____ cm and the total distance traveled is ____ cm.
• Only the ______ portion of the pulse repetition period is changed when the sonographer alters imaging depth.
• During transmission the electrical energy from the system is converted into sound.
• Which factor determines lateral resolution most directly?
• In M-mode, the z-axis represents what?
• You are most likely to observe a color bruit in which case?
• Imax (Im) intensity is averaged over the _________.
• Coefficients are reported as _____ without _____.
• Which intensity descriptor has the lowest numerical value for characterizing a pulsed-wave ultrasonic field?
• In continuous wave ultrasound, which two temporal intensities are equal?
• Which of the following best describes M-mode?
• Which artifact occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is too low, causing high velocities to be displayed as lower velocities or reversed?
• The adult brain must be limited to which frequencies to enhance penetration?
• _____ is needed to provide accurate velocity information.
• Which statement about deep focus is true?
• Which statement best contrasts convex arrays with phased arrays in terms of element size?
• Which acronym denotes Spatial Average, Pulse Average?
• In color Doppler imaging, how is velocity information typically visualized to allow quick assessment of flow direction and speed?
• Isata corresponds to which combination of spatial and temporal dimensions?
• If focusing is achieved by a physical lens, this belongs to which category?
• The PZT material thickness is measured as what fraction of the sound wavelength?
• Another name for axial resolution is:
• All sound, regardless of its frequency, travels at which speed through any specific medium?
• The RGB signal is composed of which color channels?
• Refraction occurs only if what two conditions are satisfied?
• Which cleaning method is acceptable for ultrasound transducers?
• The imaging depth selected by the sonographer affects which parameter?
• Acoustic impedance equals density times the propagation speed. Which option correctly states this?
• What is the effect of setting the system gain to its maximum?
• To suppress low-velocity components while preserving higher-velocity signals, which setting would you adjust?
• Which of the following cannot be evaluated with a tissue-equivalent phantom?
• Improper adjustment of brightness and contrast on the video monitor is most likely to cause which of the following?
• Which Doppler analysis technique displays velocity information as a plot of frequency content versus time?
• The convex array typically uses how many rectangular strips?
• As a general observation about media, sound propagates faster in materials with greater:
• At the boundary between two media if the IRC and ITC are added the result equals _____.
• What term describes the rate at which the transmitter applies electrical pulses to the transducer?
• Which method enables electronic steering by delaying signals across the array while transmitting all elements together?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of the receiver?
• Which value defines the Nyquist limit in pulsed Doppler measurements?
• What control should you adjust to better compensate for the attenuation of sound as it propagates through tissue?
• If scan line density is decreased, which technique will be employed to fill in the missing data between the scan lines?
• What system component is most responsible for transmit focusing?
• If the beam width increases, how does lateral resolution change?
• What can you do to improve the temporal resolution while scanning?
• All intensities have units of _____.
• Period is determined by the ______.
• ______ reflections occur with greater impedance differences.
• Lateral resolution is good within the ______.
• What artifact is described as shadowing at the lateral edges of the curved structure?
• For incidence to be normal, the angle must ________.
• Because imaging probes use backing material and have a wide bandwidth they are often referred to as ______.
• What is the log of 100?
• Which statement is true about ultrasonic frequencies?
• Which ultrasound modality uses the range equation to determine the depth of origin of reflected echoes?
• A more accurate image can be created when the ultrasound receiver introduces _______ to some of the electrical signals.
• What is the advantage of Write zoom over Read zoom magnification?
• Which option correctly describes the relationship between density and speed of sound?
• What is the speed of sound in muscle tissue?
• What is the main advantage of using a 1 1/2D or multirow array transducer?
• A longer pulse has a _____ Q factor.
• Which prefix has the symbol 'da'?
• A round transducer in which the elements are arranged concentrically and creates a cone shaped beam that is symmetric in all dimensions.
• Which factor is not typically used to compute the thermal index?
• During reception, time delays are used to align echoes from different elements to a common depth.
• What statement is true about the period of a diagnostic ultrasound wave?
• The time-of-flight is ______ related to the depth that sound pulse travels.
• Which artifact is related to beam attenuation?
• Snell's Law describes the relationship between the incident angle, transmitted angle, and which property of the two media?
• Elevational resolution is determined by _______.
• If one ring malfunctions, which portion of the image is lost?
• Which element serves as the electrical conduit between the PZT and the ultrasound system?
• What is the equation for depth?
• What is the effect of decreasing the acoustic scan line density on temporal resolution?
• In pulsed ultrasound, increasing the number of cycles while keeping the same wavelength affects the pulse duration how?
• The Doppler angle of incidence is the angle between the Doppler beam and what?
• Which statement about attenuation is true?
• Fixed depth focusing is also referred to as which term?
• Measuring the width of a target on an ultrasound phantom is most closely related to which resolution?
• Cardiac output is defined as which of the following?
• Variance maps should not be confused with ______, which contain some green adjacent to the blue color.
• Which transmit frequency should you select for maximum penetration?
• High-pressure regions in a longitudinal wave are known as
• Acoustic impedance increases with which of the following factors?
• Wavelength is measured in
• Which zone describes the near-field region where the beam is still developing before the focal region?
• Which statement is true about listening time relative to imaging depth?
• Which statement describes sound waves?
• Which structure tends to be the most attenuating among the following when imaging a sonogram?
• With an A-mode display, the internal contents of a simple cyst will appear as:
• Two phantom images obtained with maximum gain and power using two transducers suggest which conclusion?
• What term best describes the reflection that occurs when the interface is large and smooth?
• Which term refers to the depth-related amplification compensation commonly known as depth gain compensation?
• Which transducer is typically used for broad-depth abdominal imaging?
• Which processing is performed before image data is stored?
• Diagnostic ultrasound transducers are dampened to improve which parameter?
• What can you improve by changing gray-scale map?
• Which phenomenon describes the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium into another with a different speed?
• Which parameter corresponds to the distance between successive peaks in a wave?
• Steering sound beams electronically produces images of which shape compared to rectangular images?
• A sloped pattern excites the ______ active element first.
• Which velocity metric is most commonly reported as the primary measure of arterial flow?
• According to Poiseuille's equation, what will happen to flow if pressure difference increases?
• Which phenomenon is associated with a pattern produced by a sound beam after passing through a small aperture?
• When imaging deeper, PRF is ______.
• Q factor is _____ related to the pulse length.
• Which imaging technique improves distal acoustic shadowing from calcification?
• The packet size in color Doppler refers to the number of:
• The backing material reduces ringing and shortens the emitted pulse. Which statement best describes this effect?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between pulse duration and PRP?
• Both the intensity and power of a wave are proportional to its _____ ____.
• With continuous-wave ultrasound, SATA equals which intensity?
• Reflection of an ultrasound wave depends upon __________.
• When a wave's intensity doubles, the relative change is ______.
• If frequency decreases while wavelength stays fixed, what happens to the period?
• When you select one focal zone, how many pulse/listen cycles are required for each acoustic scan line in one image frame?
• Which two characteristics of a medium affect the speed of sound?
• Which term describes the time-averaged intensity?
• Requirements of magnetic field tracking for 3D reconstruction include:
• Which artifact may cause both axial and lateral displacement of a reflector on the image?
• Which pairing correctly identifies the resolution type with its direction?
• Laminar flow is associated with what velocity profile in vessels?
• Which tissue has speed closest to 1,540 m/s?
• What is the time between successive pulses called?
• Which control eliminates weak echo signals from the display?
• What is the term for the smallest element of a three-dimensional volume?
• What term describes the number of events that occur in a specific time interval?
• If speed2 is greater than speed1, the transmission angle will be greater than the incident angle. Which choice best describes this relationship?
• The two names for the same beam-spread metric are Beam Uniformity Coefficient and SP/SA Factor.
• Which prefix indicates a factor of one hundredth?
• When the depth of view is shallow, PRP is ______.
• Which parameter is used to adjust depth-dependent brightness?
• Which pair corresponds to millions and millionths?
• What is the lower bound of the audible frequency range?
• Which imaging technique uses multiple transmit angles to reduce speckle and improve border delineation?
• In the context of Doppler aliasing, which artifact is described as a spectrum mirror image?
• The beam gradually _____ within the near zone.
• Which law describes laminar flow in a long straight tube?
• Shortening the emitted pulse length primarily improves which imaging property?
• Indicates the volume of blood moving during a particular time.
• What is the speed of sound in fat tissue?
• What is the propagation speed of fat?
• Intensities are reported with units of?
• The phenomenon describing decreased pressure at a stenotic site due to increased velocity within the stenosis is described by which effect, and is based on maintaining energy along the vessel?
• Which statement best describes a multipath artifact causing lateral misregistration of a structure?
• PRP is best described as the time between consecutive pulses.
• Harmonics reduces _____ and _____.
• The Reynolds number increases with increasing:
• High frequency sound beams are ______ than low frequency beams.
• When the intensity is reduced to 1/10 of its original value, the relative change is:
• Which statement about damping material is true?
• In tissues that attenuate sound greatly such as lung or bone, the HVL is:
• Which control would you adjust to increase the intensity of the transmitted pulse?
• Partial volume artifact is also known as slide thickness artifact.
• Which statement best describes diastolic flow reversal?
• A curved spike line tends to produce a beam with a focus that is shallower or deeper?
• With internal focusing, which component concentrates the sound energy into a narrower beam?
• Which prefix has the symbol 'h' and means Hundred?
• Which transducer property primarily enables it to operate over a range of frequencies without changing hardware?
• The rate at which power decreases depends on the characteristics of the medium and what else?
• What are the 4 parameters that describe a single cycle that can describe both pulsed and continuous waves?
• If the color box width is decreased, what is the expected effect on frame rate?
• Destruction of all microorganisms by exposure to extreme heat, chemical agents, or radiation is called:
• Pulse duration is reported in what type of units?
• A 4-bit system is capable of a maxima of ___ shades of gray.
• Compensation is generally referred to as Time gain compensation or Depth gain compensation.
• Which action will increase frame rate in ultrasound imaging?
• In the far zone higher frequencies result in ______ beam diameters.
• In a convex array, each crystal is about ________ in width.
• Can the sonographer alter the listening time?
• Which pair correctly lists the prefixes for billions and billionths?
• In A-mode, the 'A' stands for which term?
• This waveform was obtained from the center flow channel within the common carotid artery. What term best describes this flow state?
• If two media have identical impedances, what are the reflection and transmission outcomes?
• Which statement about convex sequential arrays is false?
• What is the propagation speed of blood?
• Appear as a line of dots of varying brightness.
• With linear phased arrays the spike pattern that is least curved produces the beam with the ______ focus.
• When imaging shallow, PRF is ______.
• What system control can you adjust to compensate for the effect of sound attenuation in the body?
• When the system is imaging more deeply, the time from one pulse to the next is ______.
• What method steers the color beam with a linear array transducer?
• Shorter pulses yield which effect on axial resolution?
• The region from the transducer to the focus is known as the
• The unit of impedance is the:
• If the beam cross-sectional area increases while power remains constant, intensity will?
• What is the primary purpose of pulsing in order to determine depth?
• In A-mode, the strength of the echo signal is represented by which feature?
• During a quality control program, which items should be regularly checked?
• What is the purpose of subdicing?
• Which change to ultrasound settings best reduces potential tissue heating while preserving image quality?
• Which term describes the transmit time only?
• The only acoustic parameter that is determined by both the source and the medium.
• What term describes the information shown by color Doppler imaging about blood flow?
• The time differences between electrical spikes is about _______.
• Which statement best describes the relationship between frequency and cycles per second?
• In a mechanical transducer consisting of a single crystal, what happens when the crystal malfunctions?
• A _____ reflection will occur if impedances are slightly different.
• Focal depth is also known as which two terms?
• For imaging a structure with higher attenuation, using a lower-frequency transducer results in which combination?
• A broadening of the spectrum of frequencies reflected back to the transducer describes what term?
• Which statement correctly compares the speed of sound in air with soft tissue?
• What term is used to describe the reduction in the intensity of sound as it propagates through tissue?
• With a 1D linear array, where is the beam narrowest in the out-of-plane dimension?
• What are the three bigness parameters?
• Which frequency choice is associated with the greatest scattering intensity according to Rayleigh scattering theory?
• Which resolution is defined along the ultrasound beam axis and affects the ability to distinguish two reflectors in that direction?
• Using a wide-bandwidth transducer improves axial resolution due to increased bandwidth.
• What happens when pressure is applied to a piezoelectric crystal?
• Concentration of force in an area.
• In clinical situations axial resolution is ______ lateral resolution because ultrasound pulses are shorter than they are wide.
• Complete destructive interference of echo reflections will affect the display in the following way:
• Particle motion that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation characterizes a ______.
• Which structure is described as a large smooth interface that acts as a Specular reflector?
• To increase the frame rate while performing an obstetrical sonogram to evaluate the fetal heart, which adjustment is recommended?
• Which of the following would most likely indicate a transducer-related problem?
• When switching from a 2.5 MHz transducer to a 5 MHz transducer, the sound wavelength will:
• Which of the following statements about diffraction is true?
• A longitudinal wave is characterized by
• M-mode imaging is primarily used to assess what aspect of tissue?
• Which measurement is used to assess axial resolution in a phantom?
• When units change, the _____ does not change, only the _____ changes.
• Which technique shapes the transmitted beam by delaying signals to the individual elements?
• A highly attenuating structure tends to produce which imaging effect?
• Which control selectively brightens deep echoes relative to shallow echoes?
• Which statement about the frequency content of ultrasound pulses is true?
• Which term is not among the listed alternate names for axial resolution?
• Sapa stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• Which parameter most directly controls frame rate?
• What is the effect of applying multiple matching layers to the transducer face?
• Which of the following is a name for V-shaped waves produced by very small sources?
• What is the relationship of frequency to absorption?
• Which statement about duty factor is true?
• Increasing the number of acoustic scan lines in one frame improves which resolution?
• Which parameter encodes velocity in color Doppler display?
• Which statement correctly maps CW ultrasound intensities SPTA and SATA to SPPA and SAPA?
• Which sequence correctly represents the order in which system components are activated to generate a sonographic image?
• The focusing technique that uses a curved transducer element to create a focal zone is called
• When one reflector is twice as deep as another reflector, the pulses time-of-flight is _______ for the deeper reflector.
• Which system component is affected when you adjust the output power control?
• Pulse length is determined by which factors?
• Lower frequencies have _____ penetration compared to higher frequencies.
• Intensity ranges from?
• A flow condition in which parallel streamlines of flow are present within a tube is termed:
• When interaction is organized, the sound in all directions is ________.
• Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Temporal Peak?
• If imaging depth is reduced to shallow depth, the time between pulses will be
• Which is a correct statement about energy at the boundary?
• Since a pulse travels to the reflector and back to the transducer, the total distance that a pulse travels is _____ the reflector depth.
• Dynamic receive focusing uses:
• Part of the beam pattern from any transducer.
• Which of the following frequencies is in the audible range?
• If brightness adjustments show a change, which action would decrease brightness?
• Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting HVL thickness?
• In a standard imaging coordinate system, which axis is used to represent depth (distance from the transducer face)?
• Spectral broadening indicates which type of flow?
• An A-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging?
• Period and frequency are what relation?
• What physical concept allows us to determine the location of an interface by measuring the elapsed time between the transmitted pulsed ultrasound wave and the detected echo from that interface?
• Which of the following lists the three acoustic variables used to distinguish sound waves from other waves?
• The further sound travels, the attenuation becomes ______ and the beam becomes ______.
• Which statement about frame averaging is true?
• In B-mode, the y-axis represents what?
• Spatial pulse length is inversely proportional to which factor?
• What happens to beam diameter in the far field as frequency increases?
• A pair of waves are considered in-phase when their peaks occur at the same time and at the same location.
• Which parameter relates to tissue heating?
• What transducer type will improve the artifact demonstrated in the previous question?
• By adjusting imaging depth, the operator changes PRP, PRF, and duty factor. Which item is not changed by depth?
• The random redirection of sound in many directions.
• How is reflector depth determined in pulse-echo ultrasound?
• Base used for decibel logarithms.
• A Doppler waveform displays aliasing when the waveform wraps around the baseline.
• If the propagation speed is unchanged at the interface, which sound-tissue interaction is most likely when the ultrasound wave strikes?
• Which transducer has the same distance between the scan lines in both the near and far fields?
• In color Doppler color mapping, the color green represents which concept?
• For a disc shaped crystal the width of the sound beam at the focus is
• Unlike linear sequential arrays the sound beams transmitted from a convex array _________ to each other.
• In clinical imaging duty factor ranges from ________ or _______.
• When a reflector is 3 cm deep, a pulses time-of-flight is _____.
• According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, after a longer cardiac cycle in an arrhythmia, the next peak systolic velocity will be:
• If the time of flight is 39 μs, the reflector depth is ____ cm and the total distance traveled is ____ cm.
• If you increase the Doppler transmit frequency, which of the following will result?
• Period and frequency have a special relationship called?
• Which of the following is most likely to produce turbulent flow?
• The vertical axis on an ultrasound display runs in which direction?
• What term is used to reduce the display of weak echo signals arising from electronic noise?
• If you increase the pulse repetition frequency and leave all other controls unchanged, what will happen?
• Which imaging artifact is much worse on the left phantom image compared to the right phantom image?
• What is the purpose of the SMPTE test pattern?
• Increasing line density has what effect on lateral resolution?
• The number of pulses emitted by the transducer in one second.
• A process that creates materials by exposing the material to a strong electrical field while being heated to a substantial temperature.
• Rainbow maps are commonly used in ____ scanning.
• In phantom-based resolution testing, which resolution is evaluated by using parallel rod targets?
• Which tissue has a speed around 1,700 m/s?
• Is the pulse repetition period adjustable?
• The brightness of the shade of gray that color Doppler is allowed to write over is adjusted by which control?
• A mass with a diameter of 35 mm can be expressed in centimeters as which value?
• Using smaller diameter PZT crystals in annular arrays tends to produce beams with which characteristic?
• Which spectral analysis method is standard for pulsed Doppler?
• Which increases as frequency increases?
• In color Doppler imaging, the packet size refers to the number of what?
• If an outer ring malfunctions, a ________ of the image is lost.
• Read magnification increases which aspect of the image?
• When interaction is disorganized, sound travels in all directions due to which phenomenon?
• Which display method demonstrates turbulence by showing variance among velocities?
• The time between the start of a pulse and the start of the next pulse is called?
• Which pairing describes the two characteristics of more attenuation?
• Given a pulse with 4 cycles at 2 MHz, what is the pulse duration?
• The distance that a sound wave travels through a medium in 1 second is called:
• Which design choice is typical for achieving higher-frequency operation in transducers?
• _____ answers the question: what is the minimum Distance that two structures positioned side by side can be apart and still produce two distinct echoes on an ultrasound image?
• Which term denotes the time it takes for one cycle to occur in a periodic signal?
• Which medium would you expect to have the highest attenuation among the following?
• Which mode provides a two-dimensional grayscale image of anatomy?
• A higher dynamic range setting in ultrasound imaging primarily results in which change to the displayed image?
• Which test verifies Doppler velocity accuracy?
• In color Doppler imaging with linear arrays, which shape best describes the color Doppler portion of the image?
• In a convex array each crystal is about _________ in width.
• With diffuse reflection the beam is weakened because of ______.
• If the number of cycles in the transmitted pulsed wave is increased, axial resolution is degraded.
• Banding artifacts can result from which setting error?
• Transmit focusing is achieved with a curved pattern phased excitation of the active elements.
• Which plane becomes clearer with 3D ultrasound imaging?
• Turbulent flow in vessels is most likely to occur when Reynolds number exceeds about which value?
• Which artifact may appear as multiple reflections between two strong reflectors, creating a series of echoes?
• Which Doppler mode does not exhibit aliasing?
• What is used to dampen the ultrasound pulse and reduce the spatial pulse length to improve axial resolution?
• With linear phased array the width of each element is _______ of the sounds wavelength.
• Fixed focusing is commonly contrasted with dynamic focusing. Which of the following terms is associated with fixed focusing?
• Dynamic receive focusing is not controlled by the sonographer.
• A commonly used process for determining direction in a Doppler instrument is:
• Which law governs the relationship between incident and transmission angles and the speeds of sound in the media?
• Which statement describes a scenario where two items are associated and increase together?
• Which system control converts stored numbers into voltages to control brightness on the display?
• If the speeds of two media are identical, which statement is true?
• Caused by a lower attenuation within the structure than in the surrounding tissue.
• Which component determines the period of an emitted ultrasound wave?
• What is the result of increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling?
• Differences in impedance result in which phenomenon at boundaries?
• One method of decreasing grating lobes during manufacturing is called _____.
• When you adjust the pulse repetition frequency, you are changing:
• The transmission angle will be greater than the incident angle when the speed of Medium 2 is ______ the speed of Medium 1.
• In a longitudinal wave, particles move in the same direction as the wave propagates.
• What are 2 characteristics of a Shallow focus?
• Spatial peak intensity (Isp) is the maximum in _______.
• Which term refers to the transmit time only (pulse duration)?
• Which term refers to the maximum intensity location in the beam?
• In quality control, which parameter indicates brightness uniformity across the image?
• Which type of difference is the primary driver of flow in a closed tube?
• The disadvantage of diffuse reflections is that back scattered signals have a ______ strength than Specular reflections.
• Which fraction of a wavelength is recommended for the matching layer thickness?
• Aliasing occurs when the frequency shift exceeds which?
• Which term describes the component used to remove low-frequency signal clutter in Doppler processing?
• Which transducer would provide the longest near-zone length?
• The outer elements in the group of PZT crystals are fired _______ than the inner crystals.
• Which of the following interactions of sound and tissue decreases the intensity of the transmitted beam?
• Which tissue feature contributes most to attenuation of ultrasonic waves in the body?
• The PRF is high when systems image only to a ______ depth.
• NOT associated with a low-Q transducer?
• The depth of view is controlled by which party?
• Which phenomenon results in the bending of the beam as it passes between media?
• Which term describes a high-amplitude, low-frequency Doppler shift commonly seen as an artifact?
• What alternate name is given for the beam uniformity coefficient?
• Diffuse reflection is best described as which?
• Instruments that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes require which procedural level?
• Subdicing reduces which artifact?
• The following two Sagittal images of an artery were obtained with different transducers. What type of resolution is limiting visualization of the arterial lumen in the image on the left?
• Which component insulates the patient from electrical shock?
• What is the main advantage of using a transducer that produces a thinner slice over the image plane?
• Which orientation best represents a direct relationship on a Cartesian plane?
• Focusing also occurs during ______.
• A ______ may be seen on the spectral waveform in the area of post stenotic turbulence. It appears as bright echoes near the zero baseline located underneath the systolic peak.
• Which set lists the five parameters initially determined by the sound source only?
• The delays change _______ during reception of the echoes.
• If the reflector depth is 4 cm, the time-of-flight is approximately ______.
• The duty factor is a ______ number with a value between _____.
• What are the 4 characteristics of shallow imaging?
• Which method reduces electronic noise in the ultrasound system?
• What is the speed of sound in tendon tissue?
• Which statement is true about increasing frequency in ultrasound imaging?
• If the color map has a velocity scale of 17 cm/s and flow is at zero degrees to the sound beam, the colors at the ends of the bar would indicate which velocity relationship?
• The transmission angle will be less than the incident angle when the speed of Medium 2 is ______ the speed of Medium 1.
• Refraction is most likely observed in which view during sonography?
• The salt and pepper appearance you observe in ultrasound images is a result of:
• Which terms describe the strength of a sound beam?
• Ultrasound propagation velocity depends on which properties?
• What color Doppler artifact occurs when you cannot raise the PRF beyond twice the Doppler frequency shift?
• Which law dictates the angle of transmission that will occur at an interface with refraction of the sound beam.
• The effects of the medium upon the sound wave are called the
• Angles that are not 90 degrees are called what?
• If the thermal index (TI) is greater than 1, in which tissue would the temperature rise be greatest?
• Which equation expresses axial resolution in ultrasound imaging?
• What method is most commonly used to perform spectral analysis for pulsed Doppler?
• Pulse repetition period is reported in units of?
• Which term describes filling in data between scan lines to generate a continuous image?
• During universal precautions you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
• If you make a mistake in the measurement of the Doppler angle, the error in velocity estimation will be greatest at which Doppler angle?
• The focus is located at ________.
• What is the requirement for transmission?
• How many levels of information can a single bit represent?
• The maximum cyclical change in a quantity is known as?
• What factor is necessary to obtain velocity information from the Doppler frequency shift?
• Which imaging mode is specifically designed to measure blood flow velocity using Doppler shifts?
• The Doppler waveform from a collateral channel shows high resistance compared with contralateral normal artery. The increased resistance may be attributed to:
• Resolution of two structures at different depths along the path of the sound beam is termed:
• Which statement is true about decibel notation?
• To optimize the image, which adjustment was used to improve lateral resolution by increasing line density?
• The piezoelectric materials most commonly used in clinical transducers are Lead zirconate titanate.
• Is wavelength adjustable?
• Which intensity parameter is defined as the Spatial Peak Temporal Peak value?
• In obstetric imaging, which imaging mode trade-off would be most applicable to minimize risk to the fetus?
• Which disadvantage is associated with a tightly curved array as depth increases?
• What is a typical frame rate for B-mode real-time imaging?
• Which term describes the rate at which energy is transferred by a sound wave?
• Which prefixes correspond to hundreds and hundredths?
• Which equation correctly expresses wavelength in terms of propagation speed and frequency?
• Power is proportional to which property of the wave?
• Which statement about specular reflectors is true?
• An ultrasound image obtained with a linear array transducer that uses phasing to steer the beam shows arrows pointing to which artifact?
• Which of the following could be used to increase the color frame rate for a cardiac image?
• Using a transducer with poor elevation resolution, which problem is most likely to occur?
• The bigness of a wave is defined as what?
• The matching layer is ______ thick.
• The focal length is also known as which term?
• Diffraction occurs under which condition?
• What happens when you image a structure with oblique incidence?
• The end results of a lens or transducer crystal issue can include which of the following?
• A higher acoustic impedance mismatch between two media will most likely result in
• A beam's power divided by its area equals what quantity?
• A ______ of ultrasound is a collection of cycles that travel together.
• Attenuation increases with frequency.
• If soft tissue velocity is 1540 meters per second and frequency is 4 MHz, what is the wavelength in millimeters?
• Which statement best describes the wall filter's purpose?
• The pulse duration is determined by?
• The length of space over which one cycle occurs is known as the:
• At the beginning of the far zone the beam is how wide compared to the transducer?
• Which Doppler modality provides velocity information but does not provide depth information?
• The strength of the received signal from a specular reflector depends on two factors?
• Which factor determines the brightness of a single dot on a B-mode display?
• Higher frequency sound is associated with which change in wavelength?
• The y-axis of an M-mode display represents which quantity, derived from the time-of-flight information?
• Wavelength is ______ to frequency.
• Which condition correctly describes refraction at a boundary?
• A linear sequential array has ______ of piezoelectric material arranged _______ in a _______.
• Which statement describes the purpose of the three bigness parameters?
• Pulse repetition frequency is determined by which of the following?
• In modern linear sequential array transducers focusing is achieved _________.
• Which statement about wavelength and frequency in a single medium is true?
• Apodization in ultrasound beamforming primarily serves to reduce:
• Reducing the number of cycles in the transmitted pulse has what effect on axial resolution?
• What are 2 characteristics of more divergence?
• In a linear phased array, how many active elements are used to form each beam?
• Lateral resolution is commonly expressed as a function of which parameter?
• For a large patient, which transducer would provide the least amount of signal attenuation?
• You can reduce beam width to improve spatial resolution in the image by which of the following?
• Is axial resolution adjustable?
• What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm?
• Color Doppler uses a _____ pulse length compared to B-mode imaging to compensate for the lower reflectivity of red blood cells relative to tissue.
• The difference between the maximum and minimum values of an acoustic variable is called the ____.
• During obstetrical ultrasound, which parameter would increase acoustic exposure?
• What are the temporal intensities from largest to smallest?
• Which artifact is commonly seen with metallic objects and multiple reverberations within a highly reflective object?
• The impedance of PZT is about how many times greater than the impedance of skin?
• Lower numerical values of axial resolution indicate which of the following about the pulse?
• Among blood, muscle, tendon, and bone, which has the fastest speed of sound?
• Which measurement is used to assess lateral resolution in a phantom?
• Which term describes the propagation of sound through a medium, including how it travels and interacts with tissue?
• Secondary lobes off the main sound beam that occur with linear arrays and can produce artifacts are called
• What are the two intensities required to use decibels?
• If frequency increases and other factors cause SPL to vary inversely, SPL will:
• When switching from a 3.5 MHz transducer to a 7.0 MHz transducer imaging a superficial structure, compared to the 3.5 MHz transducer what will the 7.0 MHz attenuation rate and wavelength be?
• If the frequency increases while path length remains constant, attenuation will:
• High pass filter is also called a _______.
• M-mode displays appear as which pattern on the screen?
• Which of the following pairs describes two terms used to describe stiffness in a material?
• The region that includes the focus and extends beyond it is called the
• The horizontal axis on an ultrasound display runs in which direction?
• The PRF is reduced when systems image to a _____ depth.
• What is another name for the Hyperechoic artifact distal to a fluid structure?
• No reflection will occur if the two media have _______.
• Which tissue has propagation speed of 1,600 m/s?
• Acute angles are _____.
• If stiffness increases while density remains unchanged, the speed of sound will:
• During a diagnostic sonogram, which interface will produce the weakest reflected signal?
• When the PRF decreases the PRP _______.
• Molecules in a wave are _____, or squeezed together.
• In A-mode, the x-axis represents which quantity?
• Sound propagates through tissue as a series of compressions and rarefactions. Particles in the medium are pushed together during compression and pulled apart during rarefaction.
• Attenuation in blood, urine, and biologic fluids is described as:
• Which option is NOT listed as a form of wave in the examples?
• Three parameters that describe the magnitude or strength of a wave are which?
• In the two divergence angle equations, one uses frequency with diameter and the other uses wavelength with diameter.
• What term denotes the time required to complete one ultrasound pulse?
• In clinical imaging, the frequency range is typically from which two values?
• The small sources of sound producing the V shaped wavelets are known as ______.
• Which statement best describes the relationship between decibel sign and signal strength?
• Where is the preamplifier typically located in an ultrasound system?
• You are imaging a 3D data set that has anisotropic resolution. What does this mean?
• Which shape is commonly associated with the imaging field of phased array transducers?
• If you increase pulse repetition frequency to a level too great for the depth of field, the result will be:
• Doubling the frequency causes the wavelength to
• In A-mode ultrasound, strong echoes create ____ spikes whereas weak reflections create _____ spikes.
• At depths more than two near zone lengths the beam is ______ the active element.
• Which imaging technique will improve border definition?
• With an annular phased array, the final image is a composite of information from only the _______ of each ______.
• Time Gain Compensation primarily adjusts what aspect of the echo signal?
• What term describes both the distance sound travels until the intensity is reduced by one-half and the depth at which attenuation is 3 dB?
• Which flow profile describes a uniform velocity across the cross-section?
• Specular reflection occurs under which condition?
• Which display mode provides a depth-versus-time trace for a single line of sight?
• Which term is commonly used to describe bowed or curved transducers in clinical practice?
• _____ distances prolong the time-of-flight and ______ distances shorten the time-of-flight.
• Which of the following transducers produces side lobes?
• What type of transducer could you choose to produce a beam that is symmetrical about the beam axis?
• Which option represents a non-pressure unit, i.e., not a unit of pressure?
• Electronic steering is most commonly applied to which real-time transducer?
• Which of the following could be a source of color Doppler signal?
• What term describes the distance from the start to the end of a pulse in space?
• Which type of resolution is best in clinical imaging systems?
• Which term describes the mapping of signal amplitude to grayscale levels on the display?
• The loss of piezoelectric properties is called:
• At normal incidence with identical impedances, the transmitted intensity relative to incident is
• What range best describes frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound?
• Which statement describes the relationship between PRF and depth of view?
• Red blood cells are considered _______ because they are smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam.
• What is the main advantage of using a stand-off pad when evaluating a superficial mass?
• The duty factor for continuous wave ultrasound is _____, because the system is always ______.
• What are the two characteristics of the active element that determine the frequency of sound from a pulsed wave transducer?
• Which layer isolates internal components from the case to prevent vibrations-induced voltages in the PZT?
• In B-mode imaging, which property is encoded along the Z-axis on a CRT display?
• To reduce beam divergence, increasing transducer diameter will have which effect?
• Which statement is true about crystal thickness and center frequency?
• What term describes the bending of the sound beam?
• Compared to grayscale B-mode, color Doppler has what characteristic regarding axial resolution?
• The PRP and PRF have a special relationship called ______.
• Temporal average intensity Ita is averaged over which part of the signal?
• Which unit is used for PRP in the standard formula?
• Which of the following is a characteristic associated with higher axial resolution?
• Which sequence orders air, water, and metals by increasing speed of sound?
• Which property is primarily increased by the use of multiple matching layers on a transducer?
• With a pulse repetition frequency of 6 kHz, what is the aliasing frequency (Nyquist limit)?
• Frequency is defined as the number of cycles per ______.
• TGC is also called?
• Spatial pulse length is equal to which of the following?
• Which component is responsible for presenting the final image to the operator?
• The statement 'ALARA aims to reduce exposure at the expense of diagnostic image quality' is true or false?
• Which statement accurately describes the relationship between frequency and HVL?
• What are the 4 characteristics of deeper imaging?
• A decibel scale is _______.
• In biologic media typical values for impedance range from _____ or ______.
• The matching layer between the piezoelectric element and the tissue is designed to:
• As imaging depth increases transmit time remains _______ while listening time is ______.
• Thermally induced biological effects should be preventable by avoiding a local tissue temperature increase exceeding:
• Distance and attenuation are ______ related.
• In the law of reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to which angle?
• What term describes the maximum displacement of particles in a wave?
• The term temporal refers to?
• An advantage of _____ reflections is that interfaces at suboptimal angles to the sound beam can still produce reflections that the transducer will receive.
• In diagnostic ultrasonography sound pulses travel through media. ______ arising from structures in the body return to the transducer and are processed into ______.
• Decreased the image sector width. Which of the following will most likely change as a result of this adjustment?
• Which color represents flow that is at 90 degrees to the sound beam?
• Absorption of acoustic energy results in which form?
• Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to which quantity?
• Which statement is true about the scan plane in a mechanical transducer?
• Lateral resolution improves with higher frequencies because, in the far field, higher frequency pulses diverge less than low frequency ones.
• Which statement about imaging probes is true?
• Which formula correctly relates wavelength, speed, and frequency?
• In linear phased array transducers, beam direction and focus are determined by
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 1st power?
• The rate of sound attenuation is lowest in which medium?
• Which system control should you adjust to compensate for sound attenuation with increasing depth?
• An ultrasound system preventative maintenance program should include which of the following?
• What is the obvious advantage of phased array systems?
• Which method increases amplification applied to echoes from deeper structures to account for attenuation?
• The rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work is performed is called
• A specular reflector is best visualized when the incident beam is at which angle?
• Which feature lines the inside of the transducer case with a thin metallic barrier to block spurious signals?
• Which statement best describes diastolic flow reversal in the arterial system?
• What is another name for parallel processing?
• The most numerous cells in the blood are erythrocytes. Which option best describes this statement?
• Amplitude is measured from the ____ to the ____.
• The x-axis of an A-mode display represents _______ which is derived from the _______ of the sound pulse.
• Since decibels are always comparisons ______ are required to use decibels.
• Increasing transducer diameter improves which aspect of imaging in the far field?
• Which unit is commonly used to express frequency?
• If the frequency doubles, what happens to the attenuation coefficient according to Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) = Frequency (MHz)/2?
• A duty factor of 0.003 corresponds to what percent?
• The far zone is known as which term?
• Which statement best describes the visual difference between linear and convex arrays?
• Beam formers of phased array systems steer beams by introducing which type of delays in the electrical excitation spikes?
• Rayleigh scattering intensity is most sensitive to which factor?
• What happens to amplitude when power increases?
• Which statement about amplitude is true?
• Which phenomenon occurs when the Doppler frequency shift exceeds half the PRF?
• When a sound beam strikes a tissue boundary at a 90 degree angle reflection occurs only if the media on either side of the boundary have ________.
• Amplitude, power, and intensity tend to be ______, therefore, when intensity increases power and amplitude also increase.
• Increasing the number of acoustic scan lines in one frame generally leads to which improvement?
• Which description best characterizes the decibel scale?
• Color Doppler imaging is used to display what information about blood flow?
• Whenever the crystal in any single crystal transducer breaks, the result is which?
• You are scanning a large mass composed primarily of fat. Which effect are you most likely to encounter?
• Probes used for therapeutic ultrasound or continuous wave Doppler typically do what regarding backing material and pulse duration?
• Which parameter describes the distance between successive waves along the direction of propagation?
• Which statement about lateral resolution is NOT true?
• Which parameter would you adjust to raise the baseline of a Doppler spectrum?
• Increasing slice thickness will degrade elevational resolution.
• An M-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging?
• Annular phased array transducers use ______ steering.
• What sound parameter is determined only by the medium?
• If speed2 is less than speed1, the transmission angle will be
• What is a side lobe?
• Which parameter changes when a system's maximum imaging depth is adjusted?
• Decreasing ultrasound frequency is used to improve visualization of deep vessels because it:
• Elevational resolution refers to resolution in which direction?
• Wavelength depends on which two factors?
• A straight spike line in a linear phased array results in a beam that is not focused, i.e., it is:
• These B-mode images of the common carotid artery show a graphic overlay indicating the number of lines of sight used to acquire each frame. Which statement is true comparing image A to image B?
• When comparing two waveforms, which statement is true?
• Since there is no slope to this pattern the beam will be directed _______.
• Which function is performed during both transmit and receive beam forming and is associated with the beam former and pulser?
• When two waves arrive at identical location and combine to form a single wave, this is called
• In diagnostic ultrasound it is important to quantify the strength of sound beams as they are created by transducers and travel through the body. The common method of measuring these signals is the ______.
• What term describes frequency greater than 20 kHz?
• Which display modes may be used to calculate distance measurements?
• What are the units of the half-value layer?
• Which array type uses circular rings with a common center to form its geometry?
• In B-mode, which axis represents Nothing?
• Decreasing the pulse length generally leads to which change in axial resolution?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of beam width on lateral resolution?
• Shorter pulse duration has what effect on axial resolution?
• Which system control on Doppler adjusts the PRF?
• Demodulation is also called which two techniques?
• Where would a pressure drop occur to cause retrograde flow in the downstream artery?
• Period is reported in units of?
• Which phenomenon describes the reinforcement of waves when they arrive in phase?
• What artifact might you see with an array transducer due to energy that propagates from the transducer in a direction different from the primary beam?
• Which barrier isolates the internal transducer components from the case to prevent vibration-induced voltages in the PZT?
• Which tissue is described as having very high attenuation due to strong absorption of ultrasound energy?
• Which process occurs when the transducer receives a returned echo and converts it into an electrical signal?
• Lateral resolution (mm) equals which of the following?
• Which artifact is commonly seen with metallic objects and has a tail-like appearance?
• Which control should you adjust to increase the amplification applied to the color Doppler signal?
• If the PRP increases while the pulse duration remains constant, what happens to the duty factor?
• Read-zoom over the area of interest is used to:
• Increasing the frequency on a multifrequency transducer from 3.5 MHz to 5.0 MHz will:
• If the speed of sound in tissue increases while the round-trip travel time remains the same, the calculated depth will:
• What term describes frequency less than 20 Hz?
• You have increased the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow. What negative result will occur from this action?
• Refraction is
• The average intensity across the beam's entire cross-sectional area is called what?
• Pulse repetition period and imaging depth are ______ related.
• Read magnification is NOT related to which of the following?
• Frequency affects which two aspects of imaging?
• Is intensity adjustable?
• Attenuation increases with longer path length and higher frequency.
• Which statement is true about convex arrays?
• What is the term for the individual piece of PZT that forms part of the transducer array?
• Another term for nonspecular reflection:
• ____ improves lateral resolution by concentrating the sound energy into a narrower beam.
• Axial resolution is chiefly determined by which parameter?
• Which term is used to describe the number of pulse ensembles stored during a Doppler acquisition?
• Which intensity represents the maximum instantaneous intensity at the beam's spatial peak?
• The statement 'The spike line being vertical indicates the beam is directed straight ahead' is
• You suspect that bright spot on the B-mode image is a calcification, but a posterior acoustic shadow is not present. How can you best optimize your system to demonstrate a shadow distal to the calcification?
• Depth information on A-mode is derived from which information?
• Which statement best describes preprocessing as defined in the material?
• Sound energy is _____ intense at the focal point.
• The temperature at which PZT is polarized.
• Which grayscale depth corresponds to 256 distinct gray levels?
• Which statement about the focal point is true?
• To focus the ultrasound beam at greater depths, which element characteristic should be increased?
• What is the disadvantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?
• Ultrasound transducers with large PZT crystals create sound beams that are shaped like ____.
• Which of the following can reduce the presence of grating lobes in ultrasound imaging?
• A decibel value is obtained by comparing the actual level to the starting level.
• Which mechanism causes energy to be redirected back toward the source when encountering a boundary?
• In Doppler ultrasound, the Doppler frequency shift is defined as the difference between which two frequencies?
• Which control adjusts amplification of all reflections equally, regardless of depth?
• Which imaging technique transmits two pulses of opposite phase to cancel out reception?
• Total attenuation increases linearly with distance given constant attenuation coefficient. Which statement describes this relationship?
• A large smooth interface that can act as a Specular reflector includes which of the following?
• Sound waves produced by a small active element diverge in a _________shape.
• A short pulse is created by higher frequency. Which option best describes this statement?
• Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Temporal Average?
• Which prefix corresponds to a factor of one thousand?
• You are using a linear array transducer with 4 transmit focal zones. How many pulses are required on each scan line to create the image?
• In a longitudinal wave, particle motion is parallel to the direction of travel.
• Which artifact appears as a bright, comet-tail like streak behind a strong reflector?
• During pulsed-wave Doppler, which parameter affects acoustic exposure?
• Which term describes the loss of piezoelectric properties due to heat exposure?
• Which would be most helpful to enhance the contrast difference between tissues having subtle variations in echogenicity?
• Which transducer type is typically used for high-resolution imaging of superficial structures due to its wide aperture?
• If beam area doubles while power remains constant, what happens to intensity?
• What is the inverse of frequency?
• The dimensions of which component determine the characteristics of the emitted sound beam?
• A tissue's impedance is _______ not _______.
• What is the primary function of the transducer in ultrasound imaging?
• A sound wave is a _____.
• The far zone is also known as which of the following terms?
• If depth of view increases, PRF tends to ______.
• Short duration pulses also have a ______ length.
• A number in scientific notation form with a positive exponent has a value __________.
• As sound travels through tissue, it experiences a decrease in intensity. Which term best describes this decrease?
• What term describes frequency between 20 Hz and 20 kHz?
• In soft tissue, how are the attenuation coefficient and frequency related?
• Can the sonographer change the pulse duration?
• Changing the depth of view of a scan also changes the duty factor.
• During a Doppler exam, the transmitted signal frequency is determined by which of the following?
• Decibel notation is _______.
• Which control would you adjust to alter the dynamic range of the displayed echoes?
• The rods depicted by the arrows in this phantom are used to determine which feature of the machine?
• The delay patterns during receive-focusing changes ______ as the transducer listens for reflections.
• When the intensity increases 10-fold the relative change is _____.
• What is the speed of sound in metals?
• When the beam is two near zone lengths from the transducer the beam is ______ as the active element.
• With linear phased arrays, if the electronic pattern is curved, the sound beam is ______.
• Which intensity is defined as averaging over the entire PRP (transmit and receive times)?
• _____ and ____ give rise to the echoes signals that are displayed on the monitor.
• Which property would increase propagation speed of sound through a medium?
• The range equation relates round-trip pulse travel time to distance to the reflector.
• B-mode stands for which term?
• For continuous wave ultrasound, the temporal peak intensity equals the temporal average intensity.
• Temporal pulse length is another name for which parameter?
• In pulsed-wave transducers, the emitted frequency is inversely related to which property of the PZT?
• To measure end-diastolic velocity, which adjustment should be performed?
• The F-number is defined as which ratio?
• In Doppler imaging, the angle of the beam to the vessel is approximately:
• PRF is related only to ______.
• What advantage does tissue harmonic imaging provide over conventional ultrasound imaging?
• Temporal describes intensity over which time domain?
• Which equation correctly expresses wavelength as propagation speed divided by frequency?
• Which quantity describes the mean intensity across the beam's cross-section?
• Which term describes the rate at which the ultrasound beam loses intensity per unit length?
• The weakening of beam strength is termed what?
• When the spike line is straight an ______ sound beam is created.
• Which statement best describes the advantage of MI and TI indices for safety ALARA practice?
• The range equation describes the relationship between:
• The Reynolds number increases with ______ flow speed and ______ tube diameter.
• By comparing rods labeled A and B in the phantom image, which conclusion is supported?
• Pulse repetition frequency is typically expressed in which unit?
• When the depth of view is shallow, PRF is _____.
• The typical value of pulse duration in diagnostic ultrasound is?
• A transducer is any device that ______.
• What are the units of velocity?
• What is the equation for intensity?
• The thermal index indicates:
• Which statement about the relationship between duty factor and depth is correct?
• If the frequency of a sound wave is below the threshold of human hearing, it is defined as.
• Which prefix equals 10^-3?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -3rd power?
• When you change the transmit frequency which of the following is altered?
• Which statement about bandwidth and imaging performance is true?
• The beam steering of an annular phased array transducer is ______.
• What are the units of the attenuation coefficient?
• Increasing PRF to eliminate aliasing in Doppler ultrasound could introduce which artifact?
• Which statement about formation of the color Doppler image is true?
• PRP is related only to which factor?
• In convex sequential arrays ________ of the crystals are fired simultaneously to create a single sound beam.
• Which ultrasound mode provides information about reflector location changing with time?
• Which component reduces spatial pulse length and improves axial resolution?
• Using the Modality Worklist has the advantage of:
• Which statement best describes cardiac output?
• When the depth of view is set to 5 cm, the PRP is ______.
• PRP is unrelated to which quantity?
• Which artifact may be described as a duplicate image of structures across a strong reflector?
• If you increase the thickness of the PZT crystal, what happens to the emitted wavelength and frequency?
• The sound waves intensity immediately before it strikes a boundary is called _______.
• What is the effect of increasing crystal diameter on lateral resolution in the far field?
• Focusing with a curved active element is an example of which focusing type?
• Is spatial pulse length equal to the product of wavelength and the number of cycles in the pulse?
• Which pair corresponds to thousands and thousandths?
• The sound beam is ______ if the spike line is straight.
• In M-mode, the y-axis represents what?
• In ultrasound terminology, the round-trip travel time refers to the time for the sound pulse to travel to a target and back. Which statement best describes this concept?
• Attenuation is reported as which type of change?
• Which condition guarantees there is no refraction at a boundary?
• Lateral resolution is determined by the _________.
• Two associated items where an increase in one corresponds to an increase in the other are described as what?
• Which term describes the adjustment used to compensate for depth-related attenuation by increasing signal with depth?
• The electronics within the ultrasound system that create spike patterns is called the _______.
• What term describes the number of cycles that occur in one second?
• The blank of a sound wave is the ultrasound system and transducer.
• Which component is used to steer and focus the received ultrasound beams by delaying and summing signals from multiple elements?
• In ultrasound performance testing, what defines the dead zone?
• What does HIPAA stand for?
• Which transducer will exhibit the least amount of volume averaging?
• Which term is a unitless quantity related to bandwidth?
• To focus the beam at greater depths, which design change to the transducer element is recommended?
• When one element in a linear sequential array is damaged, which portion of the image is affected?
• Which angle has a measure of exactly 90 degrees?
• Pulse duration is ______ to the period.
• To increase color frame rate by adjusting acquisition parameters?
• Sound waves are _____ waves.
• The half-value layer is thin for tissues that attenuate sound a great deal, such as lung or bone.
• Which scattering occurs when structures are much smaller than the wavelength?
• The SP/SA factor is ______ with a value of _______.
• The acoustic variable density is measured in units of?
• Determined by the medium through which the sound travels.
• Which statement best describes a fixed focusing system's adjustability during imaging?
• Bandwidth refers to:
• Which type of pulses are desirable because they create more accurate images?
• The transfer of acoustic energy into heat within tissue is known as which phenomenon?
• The depth of tissue that results in 3 dB of attenuation to the intensity is:
• What is the effect of increasing crystal diameter on beam divergence in the far field?
• Which equation relates ITC to IRC?
• Which statement describes the requirement for transmission in the boundary problem?
• The focus of a sound beam is also known as which term?
• Spectral analysis is used to determine what aspect of the Doppler signal?
• Rayleigh scattering ______ with increasing frequency.
• Distal to a stenosis, flow becomes _____.
• In a linear sequential array transducer, the sound beams are _______ to each other.
• How are sound beams focused in linear phased array transducers?
• Which statement is true about a 4-bit system's grayscale depth?
• Which statement best describes how duty factor is expressed?
• If PRF doubles, PRP becomes what relative?
• The incoming raw echo signals must be compressed into a smaller dynamic range because:
• Which two components increase the efficiency of sound transfer between the transducers PZT and the skin?
• Higher frequency yields better axial resolution but higher attenuation with depth.
• A phantom used to evaluate image quality for assessing which property?
• The concentration of energy in a sound beam is called?
• Wavelength in soft tissue ranges from _______.
• The distance that a pulse occupies in space from the start to the end of a pulse.
• Snell's Law relates the ratio of sines to the ratio of speeds as:
• The axis that runs across the width of the transducer.
• A _____ reflection will occur if the impedances are substantially different.
• The length of time required to complete one pulse is called what?
• In medicine what do the initials PHI indicate?
• In a test focused on elevational resolution, the targets are arranged to test resolution in which direction?
• Using a hydrophone you can measure which of the following?
• Which statement about ALARA is true?
• A real-time 3D ultrasound image is referred to as 4D imaging. What does the fourth dimension represent?
• To avoid aliasing in color Doppler, which parameter should be increased?
• Which system handles archiving and distribution of sonographic images using a DICOM format?
• Which processing is performed after image data has been stored?
• Varying the excitation voltage to each element in the group used to form the ultrasound pulse is called?
• What determines the shades of gray that are assigned to incoming signal amplitudes?
• Which term describes a system control to compensate for attenuation with depth?
• If the frequency is doubled, Rayleigh scattering intensity increases by how many times?
• When an electrical signal is applied to a piezoelectric element, what happens to the element?
• If you choose a lower-frequency transducer to image a highly attenuating structure, what trade off are you making?
• The elapsed time between the transmitted pulse and the detected echo is 26 microseconds. How far is the interface from the transducer?
• Lateral misregistration of a structure on the image can be caused by refraction. Which phenomenon is responsible?
• Which two controls are described as adjusting the brightness of the gray-scale area over which color Doppler writes?
• What is the equation for Snell's Law?
• Crystal damping ______ axial resolution.
• Spectral analysis is used to:
• In A-mode, the y-axis represents what?
• In clinical imaging, pressure amplitude ranges from -3 million pascals to -1 million pascals.
• What are two characteristics of low-frequency pulsed wave imaging transducers?
• What is a disadvantage of a water-path scanner?
• Packet size is also known as ensemble length.
• Flow becomes turbulent at ______ Reynold's numbers.
• In three-dimensional ultrasound data, what term refers to the basic 3D unit?
• What is the effect of increasing bandwidth on Q factor, assuming main frequency constant?
• As depth of view increases, PRP tends to
• Refraction occurs under which condition?
• Which tissue has the fastest propagation speed?
• What information does the z-axis (brightness) on the Doppler spectrum provide?
• Elevational resolution is primarily determined by the beam width in which direction?
• In color Doppler, the Doppler frequency shift is conveyed by which type of encoding?
• An array transducer where the elements are arranged as circular rings with a common center.
• Which statement is most accurate regarding resolution with a standard one dimensional linear array transducer?
• Doppler angle of incidence is defined as the angle between which two things?
• Which control optimization should you make to improve color Doppler sensitivity to slow flow?
• A parabolic flow profile is seen with which flow state?
• Which condition is most likely when arterial waveform is normal in shape but velocities are low across all vessels?
• Dynamic receive focusing is performed ______.
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 3rd power?
• Refraction will not be observed in a sonographic image under which condition?
• What is the typical range of spatial pulse length in soft tissues in clinical imaging?
• Which control most closely affects patient exposure during an abdominal ultrasound study?
• When PRF increases, PRP ______.
• Which tissue has attenuation higher than muscle?
• Of the following, which is the best choice to help you demonstrate tissue boundaries that are not perpendicular to the sound beam?
• Is propagation speed adjustable?
• Who controls the depth of view?
• Which structure among the following is a Rayleigh scatterer?
• Which angle is less than 90 degrees?
• Both in-phase and out-of-phase wave pairs undergo interference.
• Rayleigh scattering redirects the sound wave _____ in all directions.
• Which statement best describes the relationship between B-mode and M-mode imaging?
• What is the maximum number of shades of gray in an 8-bit digital scan converter?
• The rate at which amplitude decreases as sound propagates depends on the characteristics of both the ____ and the ____.
• If the beam power increases while the area remains constant, intensity will?
• A 5-bit system is capable of a maximum of ___ shades of gray.
• When measuring the width of a point target in a tissue-mimicking phantom, you are evaluating which property?
• ______ duration pulses are desirable for imaging because they create images of greater accuracy.
• An array transducer where the active elements are arranged in a straight line.
• Nonspecular reflection or scattering occurs when the interface is small. Which choice best matches this description?
• These two images show a Pseudoaneurysm sac. What control was optimized in image B to allow the color to write over the gray-scale echoes?
• In a hepatic color Doppler study, there is no color signal in the portal vein. Which adjustment improves sensitivity to slow flow?
• In a convex array, the crystals are typically about how wide?
• Decreasing which imaging parameter typically increases frame rate by reducing data per frame?
• Increasing scanning depth automatically decreases which parameter to avoid range ambiguity?
• Which parameter describes the time between successive crests of a wave?
• Which focusing technique forms a beam with a fixed focus during transmission using programmed delays?
• What term describes the range between the highest and lowest frequencies in the emitted pulse?
• What is the unit used for acoustic impedance?
• Which factors contribute to improved axial resolution?
• Expanding the sector width while adjusting focal zones typically impacts which imaging parameter the most?
• In an ultrasound phantom, axial resolution is typically measured using which target configuration?
• Which of the following contributes to improve the elevation resolution in a B-mode image?
• Which phenomenon results in a resultant wave smaller than its components?
• Which term is synonymous with the rate of blood volume passing a point per unit time?
• Smaller diameter crystals produce beams that diverge more in which region?
• The diameter of a sound beam is smallest at the end of the near zone. Which term describes this end zone?
• In color Doppler, to suppress flash artifact while maintaining flow visibility, which parameter should you adjust?
• In which type of wave do particles move perpendicular to the direction of propagation?
• As the number of pixels increases, the spatial resolution of the image ______.
• Which scanning mode does NOT rely on the principle of echo ranging to determine interface location?
• Positive decibels report signals that are ______ in strength or getting ______.
• What is the propagation speed of liver?
• Side lobes in ultrasound beam patterns are best described as energy:
• The linear sequential array has a ______ footprint and creates ______ images.
• In ultrasonic imaging, the number of transmit focal zones affects lateral resolution at depth. Which statement is true?
• What is required for reflection with oblique incidence?
• The motion of particles in a fluid within an intense ultrasound beam is called what?
• What do all waves carry from one location to another?
• Sound waves diverge in a spherical shape or __________.
• Which statement best describes a key characteristic of damping material in ultrasound transducers?
• Which quantity is a measure of particle motion in a medium?
• Which statement describes a single emitted pulse's duration?
• Which term describes a flow profile with a parabolic velocity distribution?
• Which two quantities describe how much energy is reflected and transmitted at an interface?
• Which potential bioeffect occurs through absorption of sound energy by tissue?
• The advantage you obtain with a wide-bandwidth transducer compared to a narrow-band transducer is:
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 2nd power?
• What limitation is present when you use high-PRF Doppler?
• Which energy form is produced when acoustic energy is absorbed by tissue?
• Which zone is closest to the transducer? (Alternative option)
• Which action is NOT compliant with HIPAA?
• If the time of flight is 13 μs, what is the reflector depth and the total distance traveled?
• A pulse is short if each cycle in the pulse has a _____ wavelength.
• Which statement about wavelength is true?
• Which two physical properties are used in the impedance equation Z = ρ × c?
• Flow is also called?
• Which factor must be known accurately to quantify blood flow velocity using Doppler?
• Backing material is also called the _______.
• When two waves are out-of-phase their peaks occur at different times.
• Which parameter helps prevent aliasing by controlling the maximum detectable velocity?
• When one element in a linear sequential array transducer is damaged, which lines are affected?
• What is the prefix for 10^-9?
• Which artifact is caused by reverberation resulting in multiple echoes?
• What two conditions must be present to cause refraction of a sound wave?
• If the attenuation coefficient of tissue is very high, which control should you adjust to modify the image?
• Which sound parameter is defined as the distance between successive peaks of the pressure wave?
• What is the relationship between axial resolution and pulse length?
• The value of the ITC ranges from ______ and is defined by what 2 equations?
• Which term describes the high-pressure portion of a sound wave?
• Which intensity is defined as the spatial average intensity?
• Which of the following correctly relates frequency to Rayleigh scattering intensity?
• As frequency increases, wavelength ______.
• Which Doppler technique does NOT provide range resolution?
• Which factors determine ultrasound beam intensity?
• String test objects are used to evaluate which aspect of Doppler performance?
• What happens to axial resolution when pulse duration shortens?
• In B-mode, what does a darker dot indicate compared with a brighter dot?
• On a B-mode image, a high acoustic impedance mismatch at an interface is displayed as which?
• Gain, TGC, and frame averaging do not affect which aspect of ultrasound, and therefore do not affect exposure?
• Which design feature is characteristic of convex sequential arrays?
• Which unit is used to measure distance in the acoustic variable context?
• In obstetric imaging, which imaging mode is used to image the fetal spine and may be preferred over fundamental imaging?
• The adult brain is limited in diagnostic ultrasound imaging primarily because of which interface factor?
• Which color control was changed from image A to image B?
• These lobes are sound energy traveling from the transducer array in a direction different than the main beam.
• Wide bandwidth probes have a ____ Q factor and narrow bandwidth probes have a _____ Q factor.
• In a scenario with multiple transmitted frequencies, the reflections would reach the transducer at which times?
• The transducer is receiving signals from reflectors in the body during the ______.
• Which statement best describes how power behaves as it travels through tissue?
• Imaging probes are characterized by which combination of pulse duration and bandwidth?
• Relative measurement of intensity on a logarithmic scale is expressed in which unit?
• A right angle is ______.
• You are imaging a fluid-filled structure that has equidistant horizontal bands appearing in the near field. The bands have decreasing brightness with depth. What artifact are you imaging?
• An 8-bit system produces a maximum of ___ shades of gray.
• Which term would describe a uniform velocity across the cross-section?
• What happens to the beam diameter in the far zone when focusing?
• Which spike line orientation indicates steering?
• Which factor determines the proportion of time the ultrasound beam is on?
• Which adjustment would NOT decrease frame rate?
• Which layer is positioned at the face of the transducer and is responsible for impedance matching?
• The transmission angle is defined as the angle between the transmitted wave and which line?
• At the boundary between 2 media the principle of ______ applies.
• Which transducer component reduces reflection at the transducer/skin interface?
• Treat conversion units as ______ and ______.
• When color Doppler is activated to maintain frame rate, which may be reduced in the underlying B-mode image?
• You have been asked to perform an ultrasound study of a structure located about 3cm below the skin surface. Which transducer frequency range would be most appropriate for this study?
• Which transducer configuration uses multiple rows of elements to improve elevational focusing?
• In A-mode, the y-axis represents which quantity?
• Which display format appears as a series of upward spikes?
• Higher frequency ultrasound provides better axial resolution because it shortens the spatial pulse length.
• The Doppler frequency shift is the difference between the:
• To minimize color Doppler aliasing, which adjustment is most effective?
• Which display mode is optimized for visualizing motion of internal structures over time?
• Frequency ____ affect propagation speed.
• Which statement about the beam uniformity coefficient is true?
• Normal incidence is at what angle?
• In general, blood flow becomes turbulent at Reynolds numbers exceeding which value?
• Which imaging mode is designed to exploit harmonic frequencies to improve image quality?
• With rainbow maps, the green ______ indicate turbulence.
• 10-3 equals:
• Instruments that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes have the ______ potential for transmitting infections.
• Lower frequency sound beams spread out more in which zone?
• When focusing, what happens to the focal zone size?
• When a wave travels from a slower medium to a faster medium, the refracted ray bends in which direction relative to the normal?
• Spatial pulse length is defined as the product of the number of cycles in a pulse and the wavelength.
• In typical color Doppler displays, which color corresponds to positive Doppler shifts?
• The product of PRF and PRP is approximately:
• Focusing with the electronics of the ultrasound system is an example of which focusing type?
• Which phenomenon weakens the forward-traveling portion of the wave?
• What term describes the stacking of red blood cells at low velocities?
• Is spatial pulse length adjustable?
• Power Doppler versus velocity imaging: which statement is correct?
• Lateral resolution is best at the _____ where the beam is narrowest.
• The length of the train from the beginning of the locomotive to the end of the caboose would be considered the which?
• In B-mode, which axis represents Amplitude?
• Which type of transducer should you select to produce the narrowest slice thickness throughout the image plane?
• Which transducer type is typically used to produce a rectangular field with parallel scan lines?
• The _____ in an array is the number of active elements.
• Damping reduces which of the following?
• What term describes the point at which flow becomes turbulent?
• Which transducer type has the same measurement for elevational and lateral resolution?
• Which term below most correctly describes the Doppler waveform?
• Which formula correctly expresses focal depth in cm using diameter in millimeters and frequency in MHz?
• Speed of sound in a medium is determined by which two properties?
• What term describes results from decreased attenuation through a fluid-filled structure compared with surrounding tissue?
• Reflections arising from the focal zone create images that are ______ than those from other depths.
• Higher frequency sound waves produce pulses _____ and images ______.
• Which artifact is mitigated by reducing the slice thickness?
• In sound wave propagation, the region of elevated pressure is called what?
• What term describes the time that a pulse is on, typically measured in microseconds?
• Which Doppler control most directly reduces the display of low-velocity Doppler signals when increased?
• What does panoramic imaging do?
• There is _____ penetration with higher frequencies.
• Which term is used to describe the interference of two out-of-phase waves that yields a lower amplitude?
• In a scan converter matrix, the picture elements are called what?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 6th power?
• When you increase the scan line density in the B-mode image, you improve:
• Which tissue has the lowest speed of sound among the listed tissues?
• What is the velocity of an ultrasound wave in bone?
• Which tissue exemplifies low attenuation, leading to a thicker HVL?
• Attenuation in air is described as:
• What is the typical period range in microseconds for diagnostic ultrasound?
• When sound strikes a Specular reflector at an oblique angle, the angle of reflection is:
• Which artifact is volume averaging associated with?
• Which term describes energy transferred per unit area per unit time?
• When a wave reflects off an irregular surface, it radiates in more than one direction. This form of reflection is called ______.
• Peak-to-peak amplitude is _____ the value of the amplitude.
• Which technique would be most helpful in reducing grating lobes in your image?
• Which term does IRC stand for in ultrasound boundary theory?
• Why are annular phased arrays described as multi-focus systems?
• What is the effect of increasing the dynamic range setting on the display of an ultrasound image?
• If density doubles while average flow speed and tube diameter stay the same, Reynolds number will:
• Which receiver function converts the negative portion of the RF signal to positive?
• Oblique incidence occurs when the incident sound beam strikes the boundary at _______.
• High pulse repetition frequency (PRF) helps reduce aliasing in Doppler imaging but may introduce what trade-off?
• Which statement is true regarding transducer diameter and divergence?
• Normal incidence means that the incident sound beam strikes the boundary at _____.
• If the go-return time is 39 µs, the reflector depth is approximately ______.
• The Z axis is also known as?
• Lateral resolution changes with which parameter?
• Interpolation in the scan converter primarily serves to which of the following?
• What is the upper bound of the audible frequency range?
• Which sound interaction produces the shadows at curved interfaces?
• What happens to axial resolution when the pulse duration is shortened?
• The width of each crystal in a convex array is approximately equal to:
• The brightness of the dot in B-mode indicates the ______.
• Higher frequency sound beams scatter _____ than lower frequency beams.
• The maximum value for duty factor is?
• During reception when reflected sound arrives at the transducer _____________ are excited.
• What are the two components of the pulse repetition period?
• What term describes the bending of the sound beam when it crosses an interface with different propagation speeds at a non-perpendicular angle?
• Which statement about PRF and depth of view is true?
• Which quantity is defined as power divided by beam area?
• Which imaging modality provides volumetric representations by stacking two-dimensional slices into a three-dimensional model?
• Refraction artifact may manifest as which displacement?
• A 2 MHz frequency yields a wavelength of approximately ______ mm in soft tissue.
• Which of the following is among the five parameters initially determined by the sound source?
• The ______ states that the sum of the percent of sound reflected and the percent of sound transmitted must equal 100%.
• Which feature allows automatic population of patient information on the ultrasound system by selecting a patient name?
• If you increased the Doppler transmit frequency during a Doppler exam, which result would be expected?
• Which acoustic parameter describes the energy flow of a sound wave through a medium?
• Attenuation in muscle is described as:
• An example of a Specular reflector is
• Which statement about strain relief is true?
• To increase by a factor means to ______.
• Aliasing is a potential problem in pulsed-wave Doppler because of:
• Density and speed are _____ related.
• Which intensity is the maximum at a single spatial point within the beam?
• Which center frequency produces the thinnest crystal?
• Red, Green, and Blue are referred to as the ____.
• Contrast resolution is always improved by _______.
• The terms ensemble length and dwell time are synonymous with which term?
• What is an advantage of using high-PRF Doppler?
• A method used to allow measurement of high velocities with pulsed Doppler while reducing aliasing.
• Which adjustment increases the duty factor?
• Speed changes only when which event occurs?
• According to Poiseuille's equation, what is the effect on flow rate if the pressure difference is doubled, assuming viscosity and radius constant?
• What happens to power as the ultrasound beam propagates through the body?
• What type of focusing is performed by delay circuitry upon reception?
• Which transducer type produces a rectangular image shape?
• An annular array comprising 4 ringed elements transmits ______ down each scan line, each with a different ______.
• Which artifact can appear as a mirror image of the Doppler spectrum across the baseline?
• The optimal transducer technology for cardiac scanning is:
• When imaging a rounded mass that propagates slower than surrounding tissue, which sound-tissue interactions will occur?
• Read magnification is applied as which type of processing?
• Diffuse reflections help ensure reflections are received even when interfaces are at what kind of angles to the sound beam?
• The inner crystal of an annular phased array transducer creates a ______ focus beam and collects information only from the ______ depths. All other information from the inner crystals sound pulse is ______.
• What is the main effect of the matching layer at the skin interface?
• Reducing the number of focal zones during scanning primarily affects which imaging parameter?
• In ultrasound safety, which term describes the energy delivered to tissue?
• Which feature helps reduce side lobes or grating lobes in intracavitary ultrasound probes?
• What can you do to improve contrast resolution in the ultrasound image?
• In linear phased arrays, if the electronic pattern has a slope, the sound beam is ______.
• Acoustic impedance is determined by which two properties of the medium?
• Which statement best describes a phased array transducer?
• Which term describes the time-domain aspect of pulsed waves?
• Which term describes the maximum distance into the body that an ultrasound system is imaging?
• Which representation expresses 1234 in scientific notation?
• Pulse duration is inversely proportional to frequency.
• Which term describes the rate of energy transfer by a wave?
• The graph of two inversely related items extends between which corners of a standard Cartesian plane?
• In a large vessel, a 45-degree beam incidence would be called:
• Which frequency is ultrasound?
• Sound must travel through a ______, where molecules are alternately ______ and _______.
• Which transducer design is described as having a curved aperture on the radiating face, providing broader access to the field?
• Which equation expresses focal depth in cm as (diameter^2 / 40) times wavelength, with diameter in mm and wavelength in mm?
• Range resolution is best described as the ability to distinguish echoes from two closely spaced depths along the same beam.
• Transmitted intensity is defined as the energy that ______.
• Pulse repetition frequency is determined by which factor?
• Focusing by using a lens to converge sound is an example of which focusing type?
• Backing material has which effect on transducer vibrations?
• An object that is much smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam is described as a
• Which function of the receiver converts electrical signals from radiofrequency to video form?
• The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next includes which components?
• Measures at the location where intensity is maximum, averaged over the transmit time (pulse duration).
• Which artifact arises from energy emitted from outer portions of the array producing secondary beams and spurious structures away from the main image?
• With fixed focusing techniques, which two aspects cannot be changed?
• To practice the ALARA principle which of the following techniques should you employ?
• Which statement best describes intensity in relation to tissue properties and beam shape?
• Which parameter describes the energy delivered by the ultrasound beam per unit area per unit time?
• What is the purpose of curving transducer elements or applying a lens over the elements?
• Which component is responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical ultrasonic waves in the transducer?
• Impedance is measured with units of _____ and is often represented by the letter _____.
• Propagation speed ____ affect attenuation of the sound beam.
• Higher frequency _____ lateral resolution in the far field.
• Spatial average intensity (Isa) is averaged over _______.
• What information is present in the A-mode display?
• Which phenomenon is described as the combination of two waves into a single wave with a larger amplitude than the components?
• What is the equation for incident intensity?
• What are 2 characteristics that create pulses of long duration?
• The ability to differentiate between two regions having similar echogenicity is termed?
• Which of the following represents the temporal peak intensity?
• Which imaging technique reduces speckle by combining data from multiple angles?
• When one ring malfunctions, the image will appear as which dropout band at a depth?
• Which statement is true about obtuse angles?
• Which receiver function listed below is NOT operator-adjustable?
• Which system component implements time gain compensation adjustments?
• Satp stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• What is the area underneath the systolic peak on a Doppler waveform that is devoid of echoes called?
• Sound is a ______ wave in which particles in the medium move.
• Which term refers to bending of a wave when entering a medium with a different speed?
• What depth yields PRF of 5,000 Hz?
• Which action would be most in keeping with the ALARA principle during a diagnostic ultrasound examination?
• What can you do to achieve a higher frame rate?
• During production of a sonogram you image the following structures. Which is the MOST attenuating?
• The time it takes a wave to vibrate a single cycle is called the?
• Which statement describes the difference between Doppler and B-mode frequencies when using the same transducer?
• Which bit depth yields 32 shades of gray?
• Because peak measurements are larger than average measurements, which intensity has the highest value, and which has the lowest value?
• What would be the most likely result from increasing the transmit frequency of color Doppler?
• The beam's intensity at the location where it is maximum is called what?
• What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm?
• Which artifact involves the sound beam bouncing off multiple reflectors before returning?
• The frequency of sound emitted by a continuous wave probe is _____ the frequency of the electrical signal.
• Is the pulse repetition frequency adjustable?
• What type of Doppler device uses two elements, one to receive and one to transmit?
• Which control adjustment is most likely to affect the frame rate during a sonographic exam?
• The acoustic variable distance is measured in units of?
• When you select harmonic imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed?
• If something other than the three acoustic variables rhythmically oscillates in a wave, the wave is ____.
• During color Doppler exams with a linear array transducer, the resulting image is described as which shape?
• To avoid aliasing in Doppler imaging, which adjustment would help?
• For accurate distance measurements in an ultrasound tissue phantom, the phantom sound propagation speed should be closest to which value?
• A low-Q transducer is typically described as having
• Which Doppler artifact is described as a duplication of the spectrum across the baseline?
• When pulsed and continuous-wave sound beams have the same SPTP or SATP intensities, which has the higher SPTA or SATA intensity?
• Measured at the location where intensity is maximum and at the instant in time that the most powerful part of the pulse passes.
• Which statement is not one of the three acoustic variables?
• Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Pulse Average?
• What is the electronic steering process called in linear phased array imaging?
• Which statement describes a beam that is symmetric about the beam axis?
• What are 2 characteristics of less divergence?
• To optimize a Doppler spectral waveform, which control should be adjusted?
• Elevational resolution affects the ability to distinguish structures in which direction?
• Averaging the intensity during the entire PRP (both transmit and receive times).
• With continuous-wave ultrasound, SPTA equals which intensity?
• With shallow imaging the listening time and the pulse repetition period ______.
• The numerical value for axial resolution is _______ the value for lateral resolution.
• The range equation in ultrasound is used to determine which of the following?
• The _____ or _____ of a number represents the number of 10's that are multiplied to create the original number.
• Increasing the number of transmit focal zones and optimizing their location primarily improves which aspect?
• Reverberation artifact is produced by echoes between two closely spaced strong reflectors, creating multiple echoes.
• With linear sequential arrays each crystal is about ______ in width and the array is up to ______ long.
• If frequency increases from 1 MHz to 2 MHz in soft tissue while speed remains constant, what happens to the wavelength?
• Which technique involves magnifying a region of interest after image acquisition?
• Which technology enables adjustable focusing in ultrasound transducers?
• Which action would decrease color Doppler frame rate?
• Elevational resolution is determined by ______.
• Which statement best captures the relationship between PRF and depth of view?
• Which method is employed to reduce the presence of noise in the ultrasound system?
• What is the maximum number of imaging planes from a volume data set?
• Which of the following can cause an electrical interference pattern in ultrasound imaging?
• Snell's Law is used to determine which aspect of wave behavior at an interface?
• When focusing, what happens to the near-field beam diameter?
• Using the equation PRP = imaging depth × 13 μs/cm, what is the PRP for a depth of 5 cm?
• If acoustic power is decreased by -3 dB, which description best matches the change in intensity?
• If beam power is 0.05 watts and beam cross-sectional area is 0.01 square meters, what is the intensity?
• Which term best describes the mechanism that reduces signal strength with distance in ultrasound?
• Which statement is NOT one of the four parameters used to describe a single cycle?
• Which process eliminates all microorganisms, including spores, on an instrument?
• An array comprises a single slab of PZT cut into a collection of separate pieces called _______.
• Which equation correctly expresses pulse duration?
• Which transducer type is stated to have the same line density for near and far field?
• What does SMPTE stand for?
• Tissue harmonic imaging produces a beam that is thinner.
• Which statement best describes the relationship between distance traveled and attenuation?
• Which statement best describes DICOM interoperability?
• Snell's Law describes:
• Which statement about the thermal index (TI) is true?
• If the go-return time doubles, the depth ______.
• Which artifact is a mirror of the true waveform across the baseline due to aliasing?
• Which layer of the vessel wall contains smooth muscle fibers?
• There is a _____ relation between absorption and frequency.
• A typical duty factor value in diagnostic ultrasound falls in which range?
• Pulse repetition period is the inverse of which quantity?
• Obtuse angles are ______.
• A novel method of rating numbers.
• A-modes are accurate in determining the _______.
• Which transducer type is best suited for superficial imaging of musculoskeletal structures?
• What is the typical range for the speed of sound in the human body?
• Pulse repetition frequency is reported in units of?
• Which statement correctly describes refraction in terms of wave travel?
• Which term describes the fraction of incident energy that is reflected at a boundary?
• The active elements of annular array transducers appear ______.
• Which of the following does NOT determine the frequency of the sound wave in pulsed ultrasound?
• The location where the sound beam reaches its narrowest diameter is called the:
• Is the frequency adjustable?
• What can you do to enhance the visibility of a specular reflector?
• Which term describes red blood cells in the context of Doppler scatterers due to their small size?
• Which intensity descriptor denotes the Spatial Peak Temporal Peak value?
• The layer of the vessel wall described as consisting of a single layer of cells backed by a thin layer of elastin and collagen fibers is the
• A region on either side of the focal point where the beam is relatively narrow and where image detail is superior.
• Sptp stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• What is the equation for acoustic impedance?
• What provides the electrical connection between the PZT and the ultrasound system?
• What is the source of the echoes depicted by the arrows in this image of the kidney?
• The interference of a pair of out-of-phase waves results in a single wave of lesser amplitude and is termed?
• Which equation defines ITC?
• What term describes a sound beam emitted from the transducer that travels in a different direction from the main beam?
• Increasing imaging depth and scan line density results in
• The different measurements of intensities are important in the study of ______.
• What term refers to regions of decreased particle density in a sound beam?
• The term 'parallel processing' is synonymous with which other term?
• What primarily determines the speed of sound in tissue?
• What are the units of intensity used in ultrasound?
• What does the Doppler spectral display depict?
• To improve lateral resolution, use a transducer with ______.
• PRF is ______ to frequency.
• Which format is commonly used to archive ultrasound images in a standardized way?
• In the standard color Doppler map, which color represents the highest positive Doppler shift?
• The quantity defined as the number of cycles that occur in one second is called
• Thereby altering the _______ focal depth variably.
• Which quantity describes the energy that travels forward after striking a boundary?
• Which statement describes short pulses?
• Acoustic impedance is defined as the product of which quantities?
• The graph of two directly related items extends from ______ to ______.
• What is the unit for attenuation coefficient?
• Which component produces the electric voltage pulses to the beam former and on to the transducer?
• The distance of length of one complete cycle.
• The effects of the sound wave upon the biologic tissue through which it passes are called
• The actual time from the start of a pulse to the end of a pulse is called what?
• In a convex array, the strips are arranged in which manner?
• Refraction ______ with perpendicular incidence.
• What is the term for the depth region associated with a focal point in annular arrays?
• If the time of flight is 26 μs, the reflector depth is _____ and the total distance traveled is _____.
• Which receiver function is responsible for decreasing the difference between the smallest and largest received amplitudes?
• What is the distance from the transducer to the focus called?
• Which statement describes long pulses?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between event duration and bandwidth?
• Which statement about Reynolds number is true?
• Temporal resolution is inversely related to which parameter?
• The measurable properties of a sound wave are called?
• What is the function of the pulser in an ultrasound system?
• Which imaging is specifically designed to reduce speckle noise while preserving edges?
• The _____ the pulse duration, the better the axial resolution.
• What is the primary reason ultrasound images require dynamic range compression?
• To accurately assess the rapidly moving heart, which frame-rate level is required?
• Spta stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• What is the speed of sound in bone tissue?
• What are the units used to measure power in ultrasound?
• What is the ultrasound imaging method that uses the harmonic of the transmitted frequency to create the image called?
• Spatial pulse length has units of?
• Amplitude is initially determined by the sound source; as the sound propagates through the body, amplitude ____.
• If the go-return time is 26 µs, the depth is approximately ______.
• Which array type has elements arranged in a curved line and is often used to produce a broad field of view?
• How do you calculate intensity?
• Slice thickness primarily affects which resolution?
• Decibels are a _____; The actual level is divided by the _______.
• The rate at which intensity changes as sound propagates depends on which two factors?
• Spectral broadening in Doppler studies refers to a wider spectral peak due to velocity distribution. Which option best describes this phenomenon?
• Spectral broadening in a Doppler waveform is most commonly associated with?
• If frequency is 2,000 Hz and wavelength is 0.5 m, what is the speed of sound?
• What are the 3 types of angles?
• What is the speed of sound in blood tissue?
• A value expressed as a percent is described as which dimensionality?
• Describes the property of certain materials to create a voltage when they are mechanically deformed.
• Which statement best describes dynamic receive focusing?
• Axial resolution is related to______.
• Which resolution is primarily determined by the beam diameter?
• In tissue, which process redistributes energy in many directions?
• Which scenario is most likely to produce turbulent flow?
• With deeper imaging, the listening time and the pulse repetition period ______.
• The thickness range of PZT crystals in diagnostic imaging transducers is from:
• Which intensity is the pulse average during the pulse duration?
• What term describes the amount of time it takes to complete a single frame of ultrasound information?
• Which term denotes the intensity value at the beam's maximum location?
• Which artifact results in duplication of structures due to interference reflections?
• Which term describes the space-domain aspect of pulsed waves?
• For every 13 ,µs of go-return time, the object creating the reflection is ______ deeper in soft tissue.
• Attenuation is a process whereby sound energy is extracted from a wave by which three mechanisms?
• Which of the following will NOT improve axial resolution?
• Which statement best describes how M-mode samples data in the body?
• Frequencies greater than _____ are ultrasonic.
• Determined by the sound source, not by the medium.
• An array transducer where the active elements are arranged in a bowed or arched line.
• With lateral resolution _____ beams have better resolution.
• Which component prevents electrical noise from contaminating the diagnostic signals used to create images?
• As materials become more dense the speed of sound in the material ______.
• A convex array has how many rectangular strips arranged side by side in a bowed line?
• Which ultrasound mode samples and displays information along a single line of sight?
• Impedance is a characteristic of ______.
• In phased array transducers, which part focuses the sound beam?
• Which of the following minimizes the degree to which beam width varies with depth?
• When the boundary is smooth, the reflected sound is directed in a single organized direction. This type of reflection is called what?
• What system control determines the amount of amplification that occurs in the receiver?
• What is the propagation speed of muscle?
• Spatial pulse length is defined as the wavelength multiplied by what quantity?
• Comet tail is a classic example of which mechanism?
• Acoustic impedance equals the product of which two properties?
• A single bit can only represent two values, ____ and _____.
• Nyquist limit describes which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the seven acoustic parameters used to describe a sound wave?
• Which of the following lists the three basic display modes used to view ultrasound information?
• What is the role of tissue harmonic imaging?
• Temporal average intensity (Ita) is averaged during _______.
• All intensities have units of?
• The angle of incidence is measured with respect to what line?
• What is another term for elevational resolution?
• ______ focusing is achieved dynamically by introducing electrical delays in the signals returning from the transducer elements to the ultrasound system following echo reception.
• Spatial peak intensity is always _____ than the spatial average intensity.
• Modern sequential linear array transducers perform both transmit and receive focusing using _________.
• A ______ has a small surface area with a flat face.
• In diagnostic ultrasound, which pair describes the related quantities for changes in signal strength?
• What are the two zones the sound beam enters after leaving the transducer?
• If the speed of Medium 1 equals the speed of Medium 2, there will be _____ refraction, and the transmission angle is ______ the incident angle.
• An obtuse angle is ______.
• The _____ and _____ increase the efficiency of sound transfer between the transducers PZT and the skin.
• What process describes the conversion of sound energy into heat in tissue?
• Which term describes the maximum value of a sound beam's intensity?
• As imaging depth increases, PRP changes in which direction?
• In M-mode, the x-axis represents what?
• Which statement about density and propagation speed is correct?
• Ultrasound frequencies are defined as those greater than 20,000 Hz.
• Which explains why the frame rate decreases when color Doppler is activated?
• An alternative focal depth formula is focal depth (cm) = (diameter (mm)^2 / 40) x wavelength (mm). Which option matches this exactly?
• Higher frequency sound attenuates more and is less capable of traveling to substantial depths.
• The coefficients IRC and ITC are both reported as ______ and are therefore ______.
• If the speed of sound in PZT increases, what happens to the frequency of sound produced by a pulsed wave transducer?
• Which factor most effectively improves axial resolution in a B-mode image?
• Attenuation is determined by what two factors?
• In a linear sequential array transducer, the sound beams are usually directed ________.
• If the period increases, pulse duration will
• Which artifact occurs when the frequency-shifted Doppler signal is not adequately sampled?
• One megahertz equals how many hertz?
• The fact that the volumetric flow rate must be the same proximal, at, and distal to a stenosis is termed the:
• To determine a duty factor, use a single pair of complete _______ and _______ times.
• Crystal diameter and beam divergence are which kind of related?
• Which expression correctly defines the depth in the ultrasound range equation?
• In the scan converter matrix, which term denotes the individual picture elements?
• Using multiple transmit focal zones primarily improves which resolution?
• What artifact occurs when the PRF is set too low during Doppler interrogation?
• Which prefix denotes a value of 10 squared (hundreds)?
• Annular phased arrays are also known as _______.
• Which parameter directly influences acoustic exposure?
• As a sound beam strikes a boundary energy is ______ and what equation applies?
• An array transducer provides which advantage?
• Electrical frequency is equal to which frequency?
• What term describes the distance from the transducer to the focus?
• The height of the upward deflection in A-mode is proportional to which quantity?
• With linear sequential array transducers the sound pulses originate from __________ when different sets of crystals are excited.
• Total attenuation depends upon which three factors?
• If the intensity transmission coefficient at a boundary is 1/100, what is the intensity reflection coefficient?
• The Nyquist limit is determined by which factor?
• Which method filters out the transmitted frequency and leaves harmonic frequencies for display?
• Which medium among the following has the lowest attenuation for ultrasound?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of a thin half-value layer?
• Loss of fluid energy through inertia:
• As depth of view decreases, PRF ______.
• Which transducer design uses concentric rings to achieve consistent lateral resolution across depths?
• Which control lets the user freeze and then scroll back through the most recently acquired image frames?
• What sound-tissue interaction is necessary to form an ultrasound image?
• ______ intensity is the most relevant intensity with respect to tissue heating.
• Which transducer arrangement is curved?
• Which component stores the acquired data before processing for display?
• Which imaging modality uses tomographic techniques to produce cross-sectional slices through tissue?
• Two forms of reflection created in soft tissue are which?
• Interference patterns of the reflected waves cause which ultrasound imaging phenomenon?
• In A-mode, the z-axis represents what?
• In a standard one-dimensional linear array transducer, which resolution is most affected by electronic focusing and dynamic aperture?
• What method uses a transmitter to generate a magnetic field and a sensor on the transducer to track position and angulation, enabling a 3D data set?
• With ______ all of the elements are fired as one group but with very small time delays to steer the beam.
• In Snell's law, sin(theta1)/sin(theta2) equals which ratio?
• Which of the following statements correctly reflects the meaning of ALARA?
• Which imaging technique most directly increases the field of view for a linear array?
• Which condition will result in aliasing of the Doppler frequency shift using continuous-wave Doppler?
• Which effect occurs on the ultrasound image when you increase the reject level?
• For best axial resolution among the options, which transducer configuration would you choose?
• Frame rate primarily affects which aspect of imaging quality?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 9th power?
• Axial resolution is determined chiefly by which factor?
• Which of the following lists the six standard methods to measure and report intensities?
• Which resolution is directly improved by using shorter pulses at higher frequencies?
• What change would improve penetration when the image shows inadequate penetration and the far field displays noise?
• Bone absorbs ultrasound energy to a large extent which results in substantial ______.
• The term describing energy loss of a propagating wave is?
• If the thermal index (TI) equals 1, which statement is true?
• What is the advantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?
• Which factor most effectively improves lateral resolution in a B-mode image?
• If the amplitude of a wave doubles, the power becomes ...
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -6th power?
• If the number of cycles in a pulse increases while the wavelength remains the same, spatial pulse length will:
• In typical clinical imaging, ultrasound power ranges from which values?
• Which term describes reflection from a large, smooth interface?
• The number of decibels of attenuation that occurs when sound travels one centimeter.
• When the intensity is reduced to 1/2 its original value the relative change is ______.
• Stiffness and propagation speed are ______ related.
• The mechanical transducer contains a single circular disc-shaped active element that is physically moved. Which description best matches this statement?
• The _____ is the acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium.
• A number in scientific notation form with a negative exponent has a value __________.
• You have increased the output power by 10 dB. The signal intensity has:
• Pulse repetition frequency is described as the number of pulses emitted per second.
• The sound beam is directed straight ahead when the spike line is
• Which imaging technique reduces acoustic speckle in ultrasound images?
• What describes sound propagation through a vacuum?
• What aspect of the Doppler spectrum is color-encoded with color Doppler?
• The ability to distinctly identify two structures that are very close together when the structures are side by side or perpendicular to the sound beams main axis.
• The intensity of the portion of the incident sound beam that returns back in the direction from which it came is the _______.
• The unit of sound intensity is the _______.
• Which statement about adjusting PRF in practice is true?
• In ultrasound imaging, a dark region is primarily due to which phenomenon?
• Which term describes the fraction of incident energy that is transmitted at a boundary?
• With linear phased array transducers the outer crystals are excited ______ than the inner crystals.
• Propagation speed error results in which sonographic appearance?
• In specular reflection, the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is:
• Reducing spatial pulse length improves
• The transducer you are using transmits wide-bandwidth pulses whose frequency content is 2-5MHz. Which of the following most correctly describes the reflected echo signals after they have traversed the tissue?
• The loss of piezoelectric properties is called.
• When the depth of view is deep, PRF is ______.
• What are two other names for convex arrays?
• As imaging depth increases, what happens to the pulse repetition frequency?
• According to the stated relation, the attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) equals the frequency (MHz) divided by 2. Which expression represents this coefficient?
• The hyperechoic region results from which mechanism?
• According to Snell's law, the angle of transmission is related to the incident beam angle and
• The focus of a sound beam is the same as the
• Duty factor is the ratio of the pulse duration to the total period.
• The goal in diagnostic imaging is to use the _______ that still provides images to the depth of the structures of clinical interest.
• The trapezoidal field of view in ultrasound is created by which technique?
• Doppler frequency shift exhibits which feature in color Doppler interpretation?
• B-mode imaging, often called B-scan, is used to describe which type of image?
• In soft tissue, sound with a frequency of 1 MHz has a wavelength of approximately ______.
• What error will occur if the angle correct cursor is NOT adjusted parallel to the vessel wall?
• If IRC is 40% and ITC is 60%, their sum is 100%.
• The rank of intensities from largest to smallest is?
• Which equation relates Doppler frequency shift to velocity?
• Axial resolution is measured in?
• Which statement is true about frequency and medium?
• What term describes using the range equation with pulsed-wave imaging to determine reflector depth?
• Dropout bands caused by annular ring malfunction can appear at a depth.
• Which factor determines acoustic impedance in soft tissue?
• The speed of sound is defined as the
• The unit used to express sound intensity is the ______.
• Which statement best describes the beam formation in annular arrays across rings?
• What is the symbol for nano?
• Which setting would show the highest intensity value?
• What is the speed of sound in lung tissue?
• Lower frequency sound results in a ______ half-value layer.
• A hydrophone measures which property?
• Which region is defined as the region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow?
• Which statement describes how lateral resolution of a tightly curved array changes with depth?
• Which change would most directly increase the frame rate by reducing data collected along each scan line?
• As stiffness increases, the speed of sound in the material ______.
• Which parameter represents the angle between the ultrasound beam and the direction of flow, essential for velocity calculations?
• Indicates a 90 degree angle of incidence. Which term is correct?
• If the amplitude increases by a factor of 3, how does the power change?
• A study designed to determine if there is an association between an adverse effect in a population and exposure to a particular agent is a(n):
• Where are images stored in the ultrasound system?
• If a crack appears in the transducer, what action should be taken?
• With annular phased array transducers the next larger crystal after the inner crystal is fired down the same scan line and information only from its ______ is stored.
• At the end of the near zone the beam narrows to ________.
• When the outer crystals are excited earlier than the inner crystals it has a curved pattern that creates a ______ sound beam.
• If the power is constant and the beam area increases, intensity will?
• Which flow state is best described by a smooth, orderly progression of layers along the vessel wall?
• Which unit is used to express axial resolution?
• The condition of having few cycles in the pulse is known as which phenomenon?
• Which prefix denotes a value of 10 cubed (thousands)?
• Elevational resolution is commonly evaluated with phantoms containing spherical structures embedded in tissue-mimicking material to assess resolution in which orientation?
• Which term describes a flow profile where velocity distribution causes a broad spectral display?
• Color Doppler color significantly overwriting the vessel wall. Which explanation best accounts for this?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -1st power?
• What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -2nd power?
• The standard speed of sound used to calculate distances in ultrasound tissue phantoms is closest to which value?
• Frequency and beam divergence are ______ related.
• The minimum number of active elements in a mechanical transducer is?
• What is the primary purpose of the RF shield around the crystal and backing material of the ultrasound probe?
• ______ frequency transducers produce shorter wavelength sound, which in turn creates images of superior quality.
• When a reflector is located deep the time from pulse creation to reception is ______.
• Which statement about imaging transducers is true?
• A _____ is created when the sound beam bounces off one or more reflectors before it encounters a reflector that redirects it back to the transducer.
• Acoustic impedance is determined by which medium properties?
• Which statement best describes how the focal depth behaves in a fixed-focus system?
• The technique of frame averaging during real-time acquisition is designed to:
• Rainbow maps color encoding in vascular studies is to depict what information?
• A negative Doppler shift indicates flow away from the transducer.
• Which formula represents axial resolution in soft tissue?
• Refers to distance or space.
• Which term describes the ability to distinguish two closely spaced interfaces within tissue?
• Long pulses _____ axial resolution.
• Which of the following has extremely low attenuation?
• Which color is used to indicate positive Doppler shift in the described color map?
• Which method displays the average Doppler frequency shifts?
• The ______ is used to eliminate frequency shifts below a set threshold from the display.
• What is the consequence of a large acoustic impedance mismatch at a tissue interface?
• The sound beam is _______ if the spike line is curved.
• When the intensity is reduced to 1/10 the relative change is:
• What is the relationship between listening time and image depth?
• The number of electric pulses delivered to the active element per second is called what?
• Lateral resolution depends on ______.
• Which method of fixed focusing uses a curved active element?
• Axial resolution is proportional to which parameter?
• Which term describes the cumulative loss of wave energy as it travels through tissue?
• Sound propagates through tissue as a sequence of which two phenomena?
• The speed of sound in most piezoelectric material ranges from what value?
• Pressure is reduced _____ to a stenosis in turbulent flow.
• The algebraic summation of waves leading to patterns of minima and maxima is called:
• Which region starts at the focus and extends deeper?
• _____ maps have a green shade that is used to indicate turbulence.
• Which term describes reflection that occurs when the interface is small, less than several wavelengths across?
• The matching layer ______ reflections at the PZT/skin boundary, thereby ______ the percentage of transmitted sound.
• Which artifact is the result of reverberation?
• Which would increase the spatial pulse length?
• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of sound attenuation in tissue?
• The Doppler frequency shift is the difference between which two frequencies?
• Which term describes spatial resolution that is equal in all dimensions?
• Color Doppler is also called what?
• _____ differences drive flow.
• Which statement correctly describes color Doppler's displayed velocity information?
• For pulsed ultrasound, which factor determines the frequency of the sound wave?
• What is the purpose of preamplification of the incoming signal that occurs in the transducer assembly?
• The average intensity during the pulse duration only is called what?
• Axial resolution is ______ with wide-bandwidth transducers.
• What are the two components of pulsed ultrasound?
• Which feature is present in a Doppler spectral waveform?
• A group of 8 bits is called what?
• Which property related to a medium's stiffness helps determine the propagation speed?
• Pulsing of the transmitted sound is necessary for real-time imaging because which is true?
• What is required for reflection with normal incidence?
• For a single transducer to offer multiple frequency selections for scanning, it must have:
• Which material is commonly used in clinical ultrasound transducers due to its piezoelectric properties?
• Specular reflection is characteristic of a boundary that is ______.
• The diameter of a sound beam is smallest at the end of which zone?
• Which transducer type was used to obtain the uterus image described?
• What parameter is primarily responsible for axial resolution?
• In the images in the previous question, what technique is used to fill in the empty data between the scan lines?
• A Doppler ultrasound system operates with a pulse repetition frequency of 12 kHz. Which numeric frequency does this correspond to?
• Focal depth in cm can be calculated by which formula? (diameter in mm, frequency in MHz)
• What term describes the ability of an imaging device to separate closely spaced objects?
• Increasing Doppler transmit frequency affects the Doppler frequency shift.
• Which statement about bioeffects with intracavitary probes is suggested by the material?
• The speed used to calibrate range-measuring circuits on diagnostic sonography instruments is approximately
• Which mode is used to measure dimensions and yields a tracing-like display?
• The wall filter is also known as ______.
• A _______ image is created with a linear sequential array transducer.
• As sound travels, which property of the beam changes?
• Higher frequencies are absorbed _____ than lower frequencies.
• Which artifact is caused by a high PRF setting?
• What term describes a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher?
• Which sound beam frequency would exhibit the greatest intensity loss with increasing depth?
• What are the regions of low pressure and density formed during sound propagation called?
• What are the prefixes and abbreviations for tens and tenths?
• A special form of scattering that occurs when the structures dimensions are much smaller than the beam’s wavelength.
• A bending of the sound beam that results in lateral misregistration of structures posterior to the refracted beam.
• To measure penetration on a tissue-mimicking phantom, how should the master gain and acoustic output be adjusted?
• The imaging depth selected by the operator primarily influences which parameter?
• Which statement about acoustic impedance is true?
• Axial resolution is also known as depth resolution. Which of the following is a synonym for axial resolution?
• M-mode has been used primarily to assess which aspect?
• Which of the following best describes the main lobe of an ultrasound beam?
• Molecules in a wave are _____, or stretched apart.
• What system control should be adjusted to optimize a Doppler waveform's display?
• The time for one pulse to occur is known as the:
• In this phantom image, two fluid-filled tubes are present. What type of resolution is being evaluated?
• In the intensity equation, power is measured in what units?
• Increasing the Doppler angle ______ the Doppler frequency shift for any given velocity.
• Shorter wavelengths are characteristics of _____ frequency sound.
• If round-trip travel time doubles with the speed of sound held constant, what happens to the calculated depth?
• If you want higher temporal resolution, you should increase which of the following?
• The elapsed time from pulse creation to pulse reception is called which term?
• Which are the two conditions for refraction?
• The ____ the beam, the more accurately a structure can be imaged without interference from surrounding tissue.
• In M-mode, the 'M' stands for which term?
• What effect occurs when you increase the threshold control?
• Sppa stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
• The ______ describes the relationship of beam intensities with time.
• If the received frequency is greater than the transmitted frequency, which statement is correct?
• Rainbow maps contain some green adjacent to blue; which map type is this describing?
• What is the requirement for refraction?
• In ultrasound beamforming, the method in which echoes from the same depth are held in delay circuitry until all echoes from that depth are received is called what?
• Lower transmit frequency yields greater penetration.
• Which control most closely affects image brightness?
• The typical pulse duration in diagnostic ultrasound is?
• With specular reflectors the angle of reflection is ____ to the angle of transmission.
• Which statement is false about the acoustic variables?
• Which of the following is associated with superior axial resolution?
• The x-axis of an M-mode display represents which quantity?
• Which statement accurately describes damping material?
• Color Doppler displays which values, not which values?
• A consequence of using a low-Q transducer is
• What should be done to improve the Doppler waveform?
• Generally, modern transducers called arrays contain _____ active elements.
• Temporal resolution is determined by which parameter?
• Attenuation increases with both frequency and distance.
• The LATA mnemonic stands for which combination of terms?
• Which probe would provide the best axial resolution to measure the thickness of a small structure?
• The Doppler frequency is determined by the ______.
• B-mode displays are created as follows: as a sound pulse is emitted by the transducer, __________. When a reflection returns to the transducer it is _______ and the ____________.
• Which material is commonly used for the piezoelectric elements in modern ultrasound transducers?
• Lower numerical values of axial resolution indicate improved image accuracy. Which option best completes the statement?
• When the speeds are equal, which statements are true about refraction and the transmission angle?
• The application of a chemical agent to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms on an object is called:
• What is the primary factor in determining the amount of reflection at a tissue interface?
• Volume flow is calculated as cross-sectional area times which velocity?
• What are the 3 forms of flow?
• Does intensity change as sound propagates through the body?
• 3D ultrasound addresses which limitation by enabling visibility of which plane?
• Absorption is _____ related to frequency.
• What is the equation for IRC?
• If the base-10 logarithm of x equals 3, what is the number?
• Why do blood vessels usually appear anechoic on B-mode imaging?
• What technique would be most likely to produce grating lobes in your image?
• Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for the half-value layer?
• Axial resolution improves with _____ frequency.
• In the scan converter, interpolation is performed to:
• In tissue harmonic imaging, the receiver selectively 'listens' to the harmonic frequencies that were generated as the sound traveled through the tissue.
• Which Doppler artifact manifests as a secondary copy of the spectrum on the opposite side of the baseline?
• In external focusing, what is placed in front of the piezoelectric material?
• Which fraction of a wavelength is optimal for the matching layer thickness?
• What term denotes the relative amplitude of the signal compared to the amplitude of the noise?
• What 2 physical principles always apply to reflection with oblique incidence?
• The acoustic footprint of a convex array transducer may be as long as how many centimeters?
• If the transducer diameter increases while keeping frequency constant, what happens to the focal depth?
• The scan plane in a mechanical transducer is created through which mechanism?
• What mechanism is responsible for sweeping the ultrasound beam in a mechanical transducer?
• A shorter pulse has a ____ Q factor.
• Transducer diameter and focal depth are ____ related.
• The number of pulses that an ultrasound system transmits into the body each second.
• Which color would represent an aliased Doppler signal from flow moving away from the transducer?
• Aliasing ____ occur with CW Doppler.
• Which control adjusts the amplification of all reflected signals, not just those at a specific depth?
• Impedance increases when density and propagation speed increase. It is affected by stiffness and is not affected by which property?
• Mean Doppler frequency shift is obtained by which technique?
• Which term describes the redistribution of sound energy into many directions when a wave hits a rough boundary?
• Which control is used to amplify echoes from deeper structures so that they appear as bright as similar structures located at shallower depths?
• In a linear phased array probe, which elements are fired to create each sound beam?
• In convex array operation, to form a single beam, the system typically fires:
• Which type of ultrasound transducer provides the largest field of view in both the near field and at depth?
• Which statement about A-mode displays is true?
• What is a primary advantage of using autocorrelation in Doppler velocity estimation?
• In a sound wave, regions of the medium alternate between ______ and _______.
• Concentration of mass in a volume.
• The depth of the reflector determines the depth at which the reflection focus occurs.
• An interaction of echoes that leads to reinforcement rather than to partial or total cancellation is known as:
• At the boundary between two media if the reflected and transmitted intensities are added, the result must be the ______.
• What defines the best axial resolution that can be obtained with a given transducer?
• The ability to image accurately.
• Banding artifacts are most directly caused by an error in which imaging control setting?
• What should you limit when the thermal index exceeds 1?
• Which property describes the weight of material relative to its volume?
• The stacking of red blood cells that occurs at low velocities is called what?
• Increasing which of the following will result in improved axial resolution?
• To convert Doppler shift frequency spectrum into velocities, which parameters must be known?
• Elevational resolution concerns distinguishing objects in which plane?
• When the depth of view is set to 15.4 cm, PRF is ______.
• To improve color frame rate, which adjustment should you make?
• Aliasing artifact description in PW Doppler when frequency shift is greater than half the Doppler PRF.